Political Theory Essay Example for Free

Political Theory Essay Introduction While approaching the writings of major philosophical figures in the 16th century and the 17th century there emerges several weaknesses in addition to their political thought in their time. In his work, The Foundations of Modern Political Thought, Quentin Skinner’s emphasises the ‘textualist’ approach by the ones writing within the genre of political theory and further claim that they â€Å"rarely supplies us with genuine histories†. 1 Skinner seems to engage in a ‘historical’ approach to the writings of political thought, which goes hand in hand with the social and political context of the period the major works were composed. Indeed, this proves fruitful for this analysis, and therefore it will be provided a narrow historical review of the period the works were written, in order to present the remarkable similarity between the causes of political thought. Accordingly, there will be implemented a comparison of the philosophers, Thomas Hobbes and Jean Bodin, focusing primarily of their concept of the state and the church and the differences between the two models of political thought. In terms of the state, the focus will lie on the citizens and the sovereign rule; in terms of the church, an analysis of its place within the governmental framework will be provided. The primary sources used as a basis for this analysis is the work of Jean Bodin Six Books of the Commonwealth, translated by M. J. Tooley, and Hobbes On the Citizen, edited by Richard Tuck Michael Silverthorne. In grasping the political works of Thomas Hobbes and Jean Bodin it is important to remember that their perception of the state was born in an age of crisis. As central themes of his political thought Hobbes was concerned with peace, security and order; however, religion was omnipresent throughout his experience of life and through his works. For Hobbes the only valid proposition of a natural religion was that something must have created the world, but who or what is not for certain. 2 Most important he also believed that religious division was a significant factor for the origins of war. The basics of Hobbes theory was to add the will to avoid religious conflict and restore peace into one or a group of biological people that was to further secure the will of the state. Like Hobbes, Bodin was concerned with preserving order and his relation to religion is said to be complex. Although he was less familiar with the New political from his religious thought. ’3 However, entering deeper into the religious life of Bodin it is palpable that he never adhered to one true theological standpoint throughout his lifetime. 4 Another factor of correlation between the two political thinkers is their personal historical background containing the experience of war, which largely contributed as one of their causes for writing. Most known for his work and best-seller, Leviathan, the Englishman Thomas Hobbes was to be acknowledged as an important contribution to the philosophical field in his lifetime and all the way to the 21th century. Hobbes was born in 1588 in Westport raised by his non-wealthy family, fortunately being paid for by his uncle to get an education when the time was right. 5 Entering the field of the enlightened, Hobbes at an age of 54 later produced his first claim to fame, De Cive (On the Citizen), published in Latin edition in 1642 which is characterised as one of the forerunners to his major work Leviathan. Here, it is important reconsider what is omnipresent throughout both, De Cive and Leviathan, namely fear: in order to understand his political thought. Some tend to regard Hobbes as a synonym to the concept of fear even though this impossibly cannot be so, however it does not reject King’s argument that Hobbes had experienced disorder in society and therefore feared political chaos. 6 England during the 17th century can in be referred to as a period of transformation both in terms of politics and religion. Historically, throughout Hobbes lifetime (1588 – 1679) the political circumstances in the years of 1642 to 1651 prove to stand out painted in the colour of red. The Reformation left deep traces and was not yet to relinquish as its religious struggles was to turn into a fight of power between the King and the Parliament. 7 The English Civil war provided an environment such as extreme disorder and civil insecurity to be explanatory for the horrors it brought the 6? 78? 9 # $? *: )? : ;0?. / 1 1? ! / 1? =? ? :?! ( 4 ?!! /? $ @ ( 5 JOURNAL OF PHILOSOPHICAL STUDIES,? ? = ? 1? *9/? ;6-. A=? B ;- HTTP://WWW. JSTOR. ORG/STABLE/3745504 0 , $ *3 @ 3 9 )? +? 2 ;A1. / =0 A? 8? ? 9? C D7 @ % $E $ * F;0.? //? F B -1 G/? HH222I H! H 6;0-6 3 13 Political Theory country8. In a chaotic England, Hobbes had to face his own opponents after he had written the first outline of the philosophy of the state, Elements of Law, Natural and Politic, which created an unstable environment for him to live. Indeed, adversity was for Hobbes the reason he decided to flee and choose the life in exile crossing the national boarders to France. 9 When the Civil War was over, he returned home to the end of his life, still absorbed in scientific activity. A lesser-known philosopher yet one of the most ambitious and prolific French scholars, Jean Bodin, was born in 1529 or 30 in the French area of Angers. Although living in separate time periods Bodin is born three years after Machiavelli’s death (1469 – 1527) and died when Thomas Hobbes was eight years of age and therefore spans precisely between these two. 10 Throughout his lifetime he was, in resemblance to Hobbes, to experience war that provoked his political thinking which prospered into what was to be known as The Six Books of the Commonwealth (1955). Bodin was an admirable scholar and by the time he had to face his mortal destiny he made contributions to the area of science stretching from historiography to political economy. 11 Noticeable that he was among the more enlightened characters of his time, Bodin went to Paris in his youth for educational matters studying humanities. Further curious about the juridical nature of society he went to study civil law until the 1560s, and after he turned to a political career becoming a king’s advocate in Paris. A decade later he became a counsellor of the Duke of Alencon which secured him a seat at the table of the royal family, which ceased before 1576. He then further joined the Catholic League (sometimes referred to as the Holy League) which played a major part in the French Wars of Religion (1562–98) eradicating the Protestants also called the Huguenots. 12 Primarily, The Wars involved the Catholic crown attempting to impose religious uniformity upon the large F? What further divided the citizens in contemporary France was their support for various versions of the Christian faith that created a warfare of self-righteousness, which for Bodin, was an erroneous societal condition. What Bodin’s beliefs could be said to represent at the time is further dubiously, but as Summerfield argues, Bodin might have believed that â€Å"Catholicism was the best ‘civil religion’ for his countrymen†. 13 Further, Bodin supported religious diversity in that Catholics should have the opportunity to embrace their faith just the Huguenots without having intolerance towards each other. By offering a narrow description of the historical period relevant to both Hobbes and Bodin and further suggest a biographical outlook of both philosophers, the main focus have been on the facts of importance for further analysis. Main section As discussed to some extent in Bodin’s case, it is applicable to both philosophers that they were living in a time where religion was inseparable from their political thinking. Today it may seem strange that politics of much importance was molded around religious beliefs, because we live in a time where each person is free to decide what to believe and which religion to adhere to. During the period of discussion, the church and the state had too many common interests that a division between them seemed unthinkable. For Bodin, his thought behind his Republic was the hope to restore the splendour and serve the interest of the French Monarchy, which functioned as a cornerstone in his description of the commonwealth. 14 In accordance to Hobbes, much like in the case of Bodin, his impetus of his work De Cive lie primarily in providing a solution to the religious moral conflict prevailing in 16th, 17th century England. Bodin and the family In this section, the discussion will point to Jean Bodin’s concept of the state at a micro level. In Book I, chapter I of the Republic the first sentence acknowledge what Bodin understands to be the nature of the Commonwealth, namely its internal structure being organised around the ?6? ! F1 ?1? 7 @ #? @ ( 2 7 $? *3 @ @ @ (2 )? G : ;0A. / ## 5 13 Political Theory concept of the family (or household), ruled by a sovereign power. 15 The main premise behind. Bodin’s concept of the family has its origins from the alteration of legislation in contemporary France creating a decrease of the â€Å"paternal authority† resulting in a â€Å"decay of family discipline†. 16 For Bodin this was not the ideal familial situation. In Rebublic, the household is portrayed as the essential unit of political organisation within the state and possess the same bilateral structure that there is to find in his ordering of the Commonwealth. Principally, the family consist of a man, which have the centralised authority within the household, a wife and children with the possibility for additional members like freedmen and slaves. 17 To illustrate; the authority of the father extends to a decision of life and death over his children; however, it is not as clear to why he should have this right. For Bodin, the family is vital for preserving the organization within the Commonwealth, he even describe its function using terms as â€Å"true image† of the Commonwealth and â€Å"model of right order† when writing of the household in the Commonwealth. 18 According to Bodin, the father like the sovereign, hold the absolute power within their sphere of influence: the father over the family, the sovereign over the families within the state. He was also convinced that, â€Å"Il est impossible que la Republique vaille rien si les familles, qui sont les piliers d’icelle, sont mal fondees† (husk a kildefore sitater), which reveals Bodin’s obsession with order in that the commonwealth cannot be totally organized if it is not rightly constituted and thus not performing its proper function: this can also be related to the sovereign in that his guidance is useless if he cannot unite all of his members. 19 For Bodin the family is an irreducible unit of the state, for Hobbes the matter is of a different character. Hobbes and the individual The foregoing discussion support the underlying argument in favour of the plurality needed to form the family into a harmonious and organized entity which Bodin find crucial for the ?=? ! / ?0? 78? 9 # $? *: )? : ;0?.? / 1-; ?A? 7 @ #? @ ( 2 7 $? *3 @ @ @ (2 )? G : ;0A.? / A? ?F? 7 @ #? @ ( 2 7 $? *3 @ @ @ (2 )? G : ;0A. / 0 MA ?;? 78? 9 # $? *: )? : ;0?. / 1-; 6 13 Political Theory establishment of the state, according to Hobbes there is no compelling reason to argue that such is the case. In De Cive, the family is not given a pivotal place rather he pursue a more individualistic approach in accordance to Bodin’s idea of the family. However, Hobbes thoughts of the family depends much upon the entity being in an external or internal position relative to the commonwealth and if the family is being ruled by a foreign power or not. 20 As. King argues, Hobbes is in a lesser degree concerned with the family’s position within the Commonwealth, in any case it is the process that one is being born as individuals connected to others by force and fear, or for Bodin which emphasise individuals being born into families, that is the central feature. 21 In addition, they differ in that Bodin think of the ascendancy of the sovereign as originated solely coming from the families but for Hobbes it is originated from individuals as a whole. The literature gathered in this study suggests that both Hobbes and Bodin agrees that the state must exist in order to prevent war. The Hobbesian view of the state is founded in his definition of the natural state. The state of nature is for Hobbes a state of anarchy, where egocentric individuals fight for their right of self-preservation creating chaotic circumstances and where mutual fear is their leading motivation. Hobbes believed that the mankind maintain a will of doing harm to others, and that this derives from the need to defend their own property and liberty against others in a state of anarchistic rule. The moral dilemma that occur in the state of nature has for Hobbes only one escape route, and that is the presence of a sovereign power, either in singular or plural form chosen by the objective will of the people due to pull them out societal chaos and secure for them peace and order. Indeed, for Hobbes the sovereign is of crucial importance: â€Å"For if this power is abolished, the commonwealth is abolished with it, and universial confusion returns. †22 For Bodin the goal of peace and order is much in line with Hobbes’ but it does not involve a social contract as such but it thus involve a conception of fear. In Book 4, ch. 1 he describes ?- ?!! ! # $ ?!! % ? (? ) *+ , ! + $ . / -A? M 1 , $ *3 @ 3 9 )? +? 2 ;A1. / F1 ?!! ! # $ ?!! % ? (? ) *+ , ! + $ . / F? 7 13 Political Theory the rise and fall of the commonwealth where he acknowledges that â€Å"the commonwealth can be founded either in violence or in consent. †23 As much as this resembles Hobbes in that disorder is the catalyst for the development state, Allen provide us with a more applicable explanation. He argues that since the interdependent relationship between the sovereign and the state is present, the realization of the sovereign may be impelled by fear, which therefore result in a state being established by force. 24 On the other side, what seem to resemble the two is the necessity of a sovereign to guide the people. On these grounds, it is clear that Hobbes and Bodin follow a hierarchical structure in terms of the relationship between the superior and the inferior and that â€Å"command and obedience† is the central feature. On one side the similarity between them lie in their use of fear and consent as essential factors for the rising of the Commonwealth. Here, Professor Dunning offers an interesting claim placing emphasis on the contract idea that Hobbes present. He suggest that in contemporary France the social contract was for Bodin more a weapon of his opponents, which in its turn inclined him to focus on the state as a model evolving out of the inherent characteristics of the man and his surroundings. 25 On the other side the philosophers tend to differ in that Bodin support the idea that the sovereign should rule over the families and Hobbes believed in the individualistic characterisation of the social contract. Moreover, who are the ones (person or group) that should rule over the families featuring Bodin and the individual’s characteristic of Hobbes? The sovereign To portray the issue of the nature of sovereignty, Hobbes like Bodin believed, that in order to prevent war absolute power placed in single or plural entity was necessary. Within the sphere of political theory, The Republic could be said to contain the first fully developed theory of sovereignty, however one could argue that Marsiglio of Padua was the one close enough to find all the elements of the subject but where there occurred gaps, Bodin was to fulfil these perfectly. 26 In case of his descendant, it would be absurd to assert that Hobbes followed his forerunner slavishly. ?6? 7 @ #? @ ( 2 7 $? *3 @ @ @ (2 )? G : ;0A.? / -; ?1? 78? 9 # $? *: )? : ;0?.? / 1 ?=? 8? ? 9? C D7 @ % $E $ * F;0. //? F B -1 G/? HH222I H! H 6;0-6 8 13 Political Theory Bodin’s theory of a â€Å"commonwealth is normally taken as the starting point of modern times† and this because of its clear composed nature of the rights and power of the sovereign. 27 His definition of sovereignty in the Republic was written as an entity holding â€Å"absolute and perpetual power vested in a commonwealth†. 28 Here the power is not only absolute, but perpetual at the same time, nonetheless he is careful not to use this definition outside its theoretical field of use, he further states; â€Å"For if one confines to that which has no termination whatever, then sovereignty cannot subsist save in aristocracies and popular states, which never die. †29 The central point here is that Bodin agrees to an unlimited and despotic government but without taking the concept of perpetuity too far. His theory of sovereignty is based on the nature of absolutism and it is clear that he was a champion of monarchic absolutism and preferred that it should be invested in a single prince; whereas Hobbes share his concern but differ in that he was inclined to apply this to a collective group of people. For Hobbes the King and commonwealth is intertwined, in that one cannot talk about the one of them from the other. He comprehend the sovereign as withholding the will of the citizens consisting of absolute power; â€Å"the greatest power that men can confer, greater than any power than an individual power can have over himself. †30 In accordance to the legislation within the Commonwealth both Hobbes’ and Bodin’s sovereign is able to make his own laws, which also extended to the fact that he is not subject to it. For Hobbes the thought of the King to be subject to the Commonwealth and law would be irrational, the Sovereign is the embodiment of the Commonwealth. The sovereign is therefore not bound by obligations towards his citizens and if the sovereign is to act immoral, that is a matter between himself and God. As it has been important to discuss citizens role within the state and their relationship to the sovereign making it easier to fully understand the means of absolute power, it is also ?0? 7+:? 2 7 @ N O: $N POLI? CAL STUDIES 0 //? -0M ?A? 7? : ( $? ) $ *L? 2? P ( @ )? / $ ;.? / A ?F? 7 @ #? @ ( 2 7 $? *3 @ @ @ (2 )? G : ;0A.? / =? ?;? ! / 0 6- ?!! ! # $ ?!! % ? (? ) *+ , ! + $ .? / F? 9 13 Political Theory important to take this with us when we shall now discuss the church and how the state is related to it. The church An interesting question arise when one should determine, in a time where religion was almost too present, where the authority of the church lay within the spheres of the absolute rule. Religious upheaval in France and England in the 16th, 17th century had its origins from the breakup of the mediaeval church that destroyed the framework of older forms of political thinking. As long as there was a universally recognized Church the possibility to practice a unilateral faith was possible, but to place this authority under the prince may have been an impracticable demand. When there later came a time of religious uncertainty and the development of a new faith, people was faced with the opportunity to choose which in its turn lead to confusion. The hierarchy of the Catholic church and the Church of England and France had both claimed that their authority comes directly from God and that they was set out to practice the faith of the nation: as a rebuttal to this point, it might be argued that the political thought of both Bodin and Hobbes was not to find a fertile ground in this statement. Chapter XVII of De Cive constitutes the argument of the relationship between the sovereign and the Church stating that any authority given from God has its place within the sphere of sovereign power. For Hobbes absolute ecclesiastical power was vested in the sovereign, which included the right to interpret the Holy Scriptures. 31 One could argue that Hobbes needed an absolute sovereign as the solution to the problem of war: if the sovereign had the absolute authority of the Church and over the citizens, war would have been unproductive because no one can challenge the ruler, achieve results and further depose him. If the church would go against the sovereign it would go against the religious power of the state which would seem illogical, and in case of the citizens they do not have any authority to bring down the King because he is appointed upon a social contract representing the will of the people. On logical grounds there seem a compelling reason to argue that the law of God has a fundamental place within the political thought of Bodin. He does not tend enlarge upon the place of religion within the sphere of politics within the Republic in contrast to Hobbes who 6 ! / ;; 10 13 Political Theory has a whole section devoted to the concept of religion, however it is clear that he never meant that the state was forced to establish a form of religious and demand conformity to it. 32 Rather he meant that the state must create the soil from with religion could grow, therefore it is safe to say that the Church had a place within the state and that with this it followed religious duties. Hobbes had a different view on the ecclesiastical power of the state than Bodin; â€Å"the Commonwealth and the Church (are) of the same Christian men† and â€Å"exactly the same thing under two names. †33 Further Hobbes says that this synonymity rest upon the common feature between the two, the Christian people, and that the two instances is the only one to gather them. Personally, Hobbes was an erastian; he believed that the state should rule the Church. For Bodin. Religion created obedience that form the basis of his version of the commonwealth. The sovereign is the voice of the Church, but his determination of practicing the religious faith is relative and rest upon his will to make it flourish or not. Indeed, in the Rebublic the word of the sovereign â€Å"should be as sacred as a divine pronouncement. † 34 Conclusion Throughout this analysis the attempt to create a fertile discussion of the nature of the state and its place in relation to the church have been central, which have been built upon the effort to create a narrow historical review in the wide field of history. There have also been provided an discussion of the similarities and differences between Thomas Hobbes and Jean Bodin within the selected themes of this assignment. What is clear is that one cannot simply divide 6? 7 @ #? @ ( 2 7 $? *3 @ @ @ (2 )? G : ;0A.? / ## 66 ?!! ! # $ ?!! % ? (? ) *+ , ! + $ .? / 617 @ #? @ ( 2 7 $? *3 @ @ @ (2 )? G : ;0A.? / 6-? 11 13 Political Theory politics from religion in a time where they were inseparable, like one cannot divide Bodin’s idea of the family and Hobbes’ concept of the individual without removing the cornerstone of their theories. Both philosophers tried to provide the best solution to their contemporary struggles in France and England, and in case of their theory of absolute sovereignty it can be said their impetus was to lead the way out of the labyrinth of war with peace as their rewarding result. Both theories have portrayed a hierarchy of power, where God has the solemn authority and the earthly sovereign is positioned as subject to him but holds the right to interpreter of the faith of the state making him more or less the mouthpiece of God. Built upon this statement the Church has a duty within the state: it is just reliant on the degree of initiative practised by the sovereign in Bodin case and for Hobbes it is more a matter absolute affiliation to the religious role that the sovereign holds. To conclude, even though Bodin and Hobbes had different starting points, went by different routes they more or less reached the same goal placing the political and religious within the hands of the absolute sovereign List of references Allen, J. W. Political Thought of the Sixteenth Century. London: Methuen Co Ltd, 1961.Franklin, Julian, H. International Library of Essays in the History of Social and Political Thought: Jean Bodin. England: Ashgate Publishing Limited, 2006 12 13 Political Theory King, Preston. The ideology of order. Great Britain: George Allen Unwin, 1974 Laski, Harold J. The Foundation of Sovereignty and other writings. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1921 Lewis, J. U. , â€Å"Jean Bodin’s ‘Logic of Sovereignty’†, Political Studies 16 (1968): pp. 206 – 222 Lubienski. Z. â€Å"Hobbes Philosophy and Its Historical Background†, Journal of Philosophical Studies vol. 5, no. 4 (Apr.1930): 175 – 190, http://www. jstor. org/stable/3745504 Skinner, Quentin. The Foundations of Modern Political Thought: Volume 1, The Renaissance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002 Summerfield, Baldwin, Jean Bodin and the League, The Catholic Historical Review, Vol. 23, No. 2 (Jul. , 1937), pp. 160-184 Tooley, M. J, trans. Jean Bodin: Six Books of the Commonwealth. Great Britain: Basil Blackwell Mott, Ltd, 1967 Tuck, Richard Silverthorne, Michael, ed. Cambridge Texts in the History of Political Thought: Thomas Hobbes On the Citizen. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 2000 ?

Albert Einstein :: essays research papers

Albert Einstein Einstein was born on March 14, 1879, in Ulm Germany. He lived there with his parents, Herman and Pauline. Einstein attended a Catholic School near his home. But, at age 10, Einstein was transferred to the "Luitpold Gymnasium", where he learned Latin, Greek, History, and Geography. Einstein's father wanted him to attend a university but he could not because he did not have a diploma from the Gymnasium. But there was a solution to this problem over the Alps, in Zurich. There was The Swiss Federal Institute of Technology which did not require a diploma to attend. The one thing it did require was applicant to pass an entrance exam. But then yet another problem arose most scholars were 18 when they entered the institute, and Einstein was only 16. In Berne, on January 6, 1903; Einstein married Mileva Maric. The twowitnesses at the small, quiet wedding, were Maurice Solovine and Conard Habicht. After the wedding, there was a meal to celebrate at a local restaurant. But no honeymoon. After the meal, the newlyweds returned to their new home. It was a small flat, about 100 yards away from Bere's famous clock tower. Upon returning home, a small incident occured, that was to occur many times throughout Einstern's life; he had forgotten his key. A year later, in 1904 they had a child, Hans Albert. In that same year, he recieved a job at the swiss patent office. In 1905, three of Einstein's 4 famous papers; "about a 'heuristical' perspective about the creation and modulation of light, about the movement of in still liquids mixed objects supported by the molecularkinetical theory of heat and about the electrodynamics of moving objects". In autumn of 1922 Einstein received the Nobel Prize for Physics, for his work on the photoelectric effect. He did not receive the prize for his "theory of relativity" because it was thought that at the time it did not meet the criteria of something that a Nobel Prize is awarded for. So when the prize was awarded to him, they said it was awared to him for his work on the photoelectric effect, if his theory of relativity is proven false, and if his theory of relativitywas proven correct, the prize was for that. Einstein died on April 18, 1955. He died of "leakage of blood from a hardened aorta". And he refused the surgery that could have saved his life.

Cover Letter for Front Desk Position

Dear XXX, I would like to express my interest in the summer front desk internship offered by (Company Name) This internship would allow me to gain knowledge and experience in the hospitality industry and apply what I have learned throughout my collegiate education. Hopefully the internship would lead to a career opportunity as well.I will be graduating May 2006 from the University of Florida with a Bachelor’s of Science Degree in Management with a Minor in Entrepreneurship. This position is a one that I believe I would excel at. Not only am I self motivated and eager to succeed, but I also work well in groups and have effective communication skills. This was noted in my Organizational Structures and Behavior Management course when I was awarded for outstanding group presentation.This enthusiasm for success and team player attitude will allow me to constantly strive to work with others to better serve customers and complete daily tasks during the front desk internship. Past exp erience in the retail industry as a sales associate at Academy Sports and Outdoors has also equipped me with quality customer service skills that can also be applied to the front desk internship. I am an excellent listener and problem solver, which enables me to adapt to changing and challenging situations.My organizational skills also allow me to multitask and manage my time effectively when performing daily tasks and meeting deadlines. I hope that you will consider me for the summer front desk internship. My skills and capabilities acquired in previous work experiences and education would benefit both you and me if I gained this internship. Enclosed is a copy of my resume for you review. I would appreciate the opportunity and look forward to hearing from you. Sincerely, (Your Name) Enclosure

Genetic Screening is Necessary Essay - 1679 Words

Genetic Screening is Necessary You are sitting in the counselors office, waiting. You are staring at the walls, trying not to think about what you are considering, but still thinking about it. Will I get cancer? Do I have the gene that will increase my likelihood of getting cancer ? My grandmother had cancer. Two of my aunts have had cancer. What about me? If I have this test, what happens then? The door opens and in walks the counselor. Time to find out about genetic screening. Genetic screening with todays technology is a fairly simple. Its the public opinion and individual morals which make genetic screening complicated. I will address basic background information on genetic screening, the technical aspect of genetic scre†¦show more content†¦One example of genetic screening currently used, is screening for the defective breast cancer (BRCA) alle les. In addition to the genetic screening process, an individual undergoes several counseling sessions. The step by step process of individual genetic screening starts with isolation of an individuals DNA. DNA may be isolated from tissue cells, blood cells, or urine of a child, adult or fetus. The segment of DNA which contains the gene of interest, is th en amplified through the use of PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) with primers specific to the segment of DNA. The amplified segment of DNA is then sequenced and analyzed for changes which cause the particular disease. If changes are present, the individu al has a greater likelihood of getting the disease. In the case of BRAC screening an individual with a family history of breast cancer would be genetically screened for a copy of the defective allele. Their DNA would be isolated, amplified, sequenced, and analyzed. If a copy of one of these defective all eles is present, the individual would have a greater likelihood of getting breast cancer than the average individual. Groopman (1998) states Women who inherit a single defective copy of either BRCA1 or BRCA2 are at a significantly increased risk for bea st and ovarian cancer over the course of their lives. Besides the actual screening, an individual also has counseling, both before and after the screening. TheShow MoreRelatedGenetic Testing and Screening Essay1428 Words   |  6 PagesGenetic screening is the testing of variations in gene sequences in protein or DNA. Protein screening is easier, but DNA screening is more powerful. It is a physical screening for a protein or genetic abnormality that may allow detection of a disorder before there are physical signs of it, or even before a gene is expressed if it acts later in life. (web). This is a technique that is used on nonhuman species such as plants and some animals and is not questioned. The real question is if we shouldRead More The Genetic Screening Dilemma Essays1506 Words   |  7 PagesThe Genetic Screening Dilemma The National Academy of Science defines genetic screening as the systematic search of a population for persons with latent, early, or asymptomatic disease. The term genetic testing is often used interchangeably, but differs in that it only targets those individuals believed to be at high risk for an inherited condition. Genetic screening has a much broader target population. As genetic screening becomes easier, faster, and less expensive, there is a growing debateRead MoreGenetic Testing or Genetic Screening1514 Words   |  7 PagesGenetic testing, also known as screening, is a rapidly advancing new scientific field that can potentially revolutionize not only the world of medicine, but many aspects of our lives. Genetic screening is the sequencing of human DNA in order to discover genetic differences, anomalies, or mutations that may prove pathological. As genetic screening becomes more advanced and easily accessible, it presents society with difficult questions that must be asked about the boundaries of science and to whatRead MoreAn Invitation For Breast Cancer Screening923 Words   |  4 Pagesfor breast cancer screening Body Global incidence - cancer as a second most common type of cancer -high rate of breast cancer in high income countries Breast compression - why is necessary, mammography process explanation Risk factors – age - cancer increases with age and why -genetic factor-breast cancer in the family Advantages of breast cancer screening - effective method, non-invasive Conclusion Breast screening=early detection= earlyRead MoreRejection to the Proposal of Mr. Clotter John Ko Essay1539 Words   |  7 Pagesthe Proposal of Mr. Clotter John Ko Is generalised Genetic Screening for Factor V Leiden Necessary? =============================================================== Genetic screening has no doubt have been the one of the most controversial issue in the branch of medicine. The new issue has recently triggered the on-going debate: the dilemma of whether the Government should allow the Genetic screening of all 16 year old girls for mutation in specific gene calledRead MoreClinical Presentation And Signs Of Cftr Dysfunction1343 Words   |  6 Pagesexocrine function disturbances and well imputed to hypertonic sweat. Although, CFTR disorder alone could not determinate lung phenotype. The literature describes a strong influence of genetic and non-genetic variations in airway manifestations of CF. Cutting et al’s meta-analysis (Cutting et al. 2016) found that genetic modifiers were responsible for 50% of variations in lung conditions. The remaining portion was mainly attributed to environmental and stochastic influence (see Figure 1). At least 50Read MoreEthical Issues of Genetic Research Essay1268 Words   |  6 Pagesintellectual boundaries. As one acquires knowledge, one also encounters new opportunities to be explored. This is true in the area of human genome research. The implications of The Human Genome Project and other attempts to further understand the human genetic code clea rly demonstrate the basic principles of social benefit versus social cost. The desired effect is obviously one in which the benefits significantly outweigh the costs. The actual impact of such technology, however, remains only an estimateRead MoreDesigner Babies: What is Ethical? Essay977 Words   |  4 Pagesevery day in the future as if choosing a child’s characteristics were a normal way of life. The use of genetic engineering should not give parents the choice to design their child because of the act of humans belittling and â€Å"playing† God, the ethics involved in interfering with human lives, and the dangers of manipulating human genes. Because of the recent technological advances in genetic engineering, parents could have the choice not only to pick and choose their children’s physical appearancesRead MoreThe Field Of Reproductive Technology1484 Words   |  6 PagesToday’s culture has a growing fascination with biotechnology and genetic engineering. This is especially true within the field of reproductive technology. Advancements in this field has expanded family options significantly with the advent of reproductive technologies such as in vetro fertilization, embryo transplant, and varying genetic testing and screening (Finsterbusch, 2008). However, what drives humanity to want to modify humankind? Should there be limits placed on these modifications? AndRead MorePre Screening For Disabilities And Genetic Enhancement946 Words   |  4 PagesPre-screening for disabilities and genetic enhancement are vital factors in the decision to place restrictions for selective genetic abortion. All human life should be of equal worth, supporting the ideal that life-and-death decisions for seriously compromised newborns should not be based on the quality of life (CITE 3). Screening for genetic diseases through the use of in vitro fertilization, or IVF, limits and excludes those with disabilities from our society, exposing limits on morality. These

The basics of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 492 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/07/12 Category Religion Essay Level High school Tags: Christianity Essay Islam Essay Judaism Essay Did you like this example? Judaism, Christianity, and Islam are all very captivating world religions. They all are monotheistic religions. This means all of them figure that there is only one God. Well discuss their origins, beliefs about how to live life, and their beliefs on the afterlife. Judaism has been around for 3,800 years and its most important book is called the Torah. Jewish people worship in a synagogue on Friday and Saturdays. Jewish origins come from Abraham, a faithful follower of God who was promised that he would have many children of all nations. Jewish beliefs are somewhat like Christianity which include things such as, God is eternal, the dead will be resurrected, and the messiah will come. These beliefs are the ones that are similar to Christianity, but one difference is that Jews think that Jesus was just a prophet on Earth, but Christians believe that Jesus is the messiah and is Gods son. Jesus was a teacher from Nazareth who told people about God, and did many miracles for people. Jews do believe that there is an afterlife, heaven or hell, and that the good will go to heaven and the bad will go to hell. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The basics of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam" essay for you Create order Christianity actually originated from Judaism, but it focuses on Jesuss life and his teachings. Their main book and belief system comes from the Bible, and they worship in a building called a church on Sundays. Christians believe that Jesus is the son of God and came to Earth as a baby boy to later save the world from sin, or wrongdoings. Christians also believe in the trinity, or God the Father, God the son, and God the Holy Spirit. The trinity is basically a belief that God, Jesus, and the Holy Spirit are all the same but come in different forms. Christians also believe in life after death. They trust that the people who have faith in God will go to heaven, and that people who dont know him go to hell. To conclude, christians think that Jesus is Gods son, the trinity is real, and in heaven and hell exist. Islam is based on the teachings of the prophet, Muhammed. They worship in a mosque on Fridays. The Quran is their holiest book and its said that it was given by God through the angel Gabriel to the prophet Muhammad. Islams believe in one God, or Allah. Muslims trust in some of these major points: they trust in prophets, and angels, and dont think Jesus was the son of God, but only an important prophet. Muslims believe in the Five Pillars of Islam, which are declaration of faith, ritual prayer, alms tax, fasting, and making a pilgrimage to the Holy City. In summary, muslims think that there is one God, Jesus wasnt Gods son, and to practice the Five Pillars of Islam. To summarize, these religions are surprisingly similar but each have their own unique beliefs and traits. These are the basics of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.

Ikea and Human Resource Practices in China - 3703 Words

Contents 1 Introduction 2 1.1 History 2 1.2 Vision 2 1.3 Business idea 2 1.4 The human resource idea 2 1.5 Limitations 2 2 Empirics 3 2.1 IKEA’s presence in the global market 3 2.2 IKEA going global 4 2.3 Managing foreign establishments 5 2.4 IKEA in China 6 2.4.1 Duplication system 6 2.4.2 Training 6 2.4.3 Vacant positions 6 2.4.4 Social Responsibilities 7 2.4.5 Staffing 8 3 Analysis amp; Discussion 10 4 Conclusions 13 5 References 14 5.1 Articles 14 5.2 Internet 14 5.3 Company material 14 1 Introduction 1.1 History IKEA was founded in Sweden in 1962 by Ingvar Kamprad at the low age of 17. The letters in IKEA is an acronym of Ingvar Kamprad, Elmtaryd (the old spelling of the farm where he†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ And how can moves abroad be achieved without personally affecting my family and me in a financially devastating way?† The answer was according to Torekull to establish a double command structure consisting of â€Å"the spirit† that takes care of the IKEA concept and â€Å"the hand† that manages the operation. Thus, the IKEA group of companies is a bit complicated. The parent company is INGKA Holding B.V., which is owned by Stitching INGKA Foundation in the Netherlands. Established by Ingvar Kamprad in 1982, the purpose was to create an ownership structure that and organization that stand for independence and focusing on a long-term time orientation. The IKEA group franchises the IKEA concept to all the stores worldwide. This is managed by Inter IKEA Systems B.V. in the Netherlands. (Fundinguniverse.com, a) Figure 2. Structure of the IKEA Group of Companies. Source: Welcome Inside – Yearly summary FY 2010 IKEA Group. 2.3 Managing foreign establishments Von Krogh and Cusumano (2002) describe IKEA’s going abroad strategies as a duplication strategy. This is also accordingly with Kamprad’s vision of retaining the concept and organization culture. Moreover, they mention that IKEA used to hire managers that often were Swedish or at least familiar with the Swedish language.Show MoreRelatedHrm Ikea China4135 Words   |  17 PagesInternational Human Resource Management Policies Changes due to a new subsidiary in China of a MNE The Case IKEA 1 IHRM: A Key Factor For Success Of A MNE – An Introduction 1.1 The three components of IHRM – a description 1.2 Key elements concerning IHRM – the details 1.2.1 Recruitment 1.2.2 Training and Development 1.2.3 Performance measurement 1.2.4 Compensation 2 The expansion of a Swedish MNE to China – an example 2.1 Sweden and China – a comparison 2.2 The â€Å"IKEA way† – anRead MoreThe Factors and Functions and Management in IKEA3054 Words   |  12 Pagesorganizations resources in order to accomplish the goals of that policy. In other contexts, management in business and organizations means to coordinate the efforts of people to achieve objectives using current resources effectively and efficiently. Management comprises of leading or directing staffing, planning, organizing, and controlling an organization or initiative to achieve their goals. Resourcing encompasses the deployment and control of technological resources, natural resources, human resourcesRead MoreGlobalization : A Global Organization1710 Words   |  7 Pagesglobal presence successfully and others have been faced with many challenges. Companies that are operating globally have successfully cultivated a global mindset by opening themselves to cultural diversity and being prepared to adopt successful practices wherever they come from (Gupta, 1999). Now that many organizations have realized that the consumer market is growing all around the world and competition is no long in one single country, it is imperative they develop a global mindset . The conceptRead MoreCase Study : Supply Chain Business Operations1549 Words   |  7 PagesBusiness Operations - IKEA Members: 1.Williams, Lisa 300-810-065 Date submitted: August 16th 2015 â€Æ' IKEAS Corporate Social Responsibility Strategy IKEA’s social responsibility and sustainability is continuing to grow and progress according to Chief Sustainability Officer, Steve Howard. IKEA wants their business to have a positive impact on the world so they have implemented a strategy called the People Planet Positive strategy which focuses on 3 areas (IKEA Group, 2014). The firstRead MoreCase Study Jysk1656 Words   |  7 PagesOutline 3 2. Value Chain 4 2.1.1 Primary activities 4 2.1.2 Support Activities 5 2.2 Conclusion 5 3. Segmentation, targeting and positioning 6 3.1 Market Research 6 3.1.1Market research method 7 3.1.2Data Collection 7 3.2. Conclusion 7 4. Human Resource Management 8 1. Outline Internal To understand Jysk’s strenghts and weaknesses, Michel Porter’s Value chain analysis will be made. In order to conduct value chain analysis, the company is split into primary and support activities. It would haveRead MoreCase Study Jysk1666 Words   |  7 PagesValue Chain 4 2.1.1 Primary activities 4 2.1.2 Support Activities 5 2.2 Conclusion 5 3. Segmentation, targeting and positioning 6 3.1 Market Research 6 3.1.1Market research method 7 3.1.2Data Collection 7 3.2. Conclusion 7 4. Human Resource Management 8 1. Outline Internal To understand Jysk’s strenghts and weaknesses, Michel Porter’s Value chain analysis will be made. In order to conduct value chain analysis, the company is split into primary and support activities. It wouldRead MoreIkea China Marketing Analysis5728 Words   |  23 PagesInternational Marketing Report of IKEA in Chinese Market [pic] 12BSP040 INTERNATIONAL MARKETING School of Business and Economics 2013. 04. 22 Contents 1. Executive Summary 1 2. Introduction 2 3. Internationalization 3 4. Foreign Market Segmentation and Targeting 5 5. Environmental Analysis 7 5.1 Strengths 7 5.2 Weakness 8 5.3 Opportunities 9 5.4 Threats 10 6. International Marketing Objectives 11 7. Foreign Market Entry Strategy 12 8. Product/Read MoreIkea at a Glance26682 Words   |  107 PagesThe Never Ending Job Sustainability Report 09 IKEA AT * A GLANCE * fINANCIAL yEAR 2009 (1 September 2008 to 31 August 2009) SALES PER REGION THE IKEA GROUP opened 15 new stores last year and in August 2009 had 267 stores, which welcomed a total of 590 million visitors during the year. A further 34 stores are owned and run by franchisees outside the IKEA Group. For an up-to-date list of all IKEA Group stores, please visit: www.ikea.com ââ€"   Asia and Australia 5% ââ€"   North America 15%Read MoreStrategic Analysis of IKEA3947 Words   |  16 PagesStrategic Analysis of IKEA Laura Burns 11027915 Executive Summary This report is a strategic analysis of Swedish home furnishing giant, IKEA. The report gives an overview of corporate strategy, using Ansoff’s matrix as a tool for analysis, allowing us to see how IKEA have developed their strategy. The business strategy is then discussed using Porter’s five forces model as a tool for external analysis. Internal analysis can be identified using either the value chain or the resource based view, thisRead MoreIkea Porters 5 Forces6535 Words   |  27 PagesCompany History: Based in Denmark, IKEA International A/S is one of the world s top retailers of furniture, home furnishings, and housewares. The company designs its own items, and sells them in the more than 140 IKEA stores that are spread throughout approximately 30 different countries worldwide. The company also peddles its merchandise through mail-order, distributing its thick catalogs once a year in the areas surrounding its store locations. IKEA is characterized by its efforts to offer high-quality

Event Management of Olympic 2014 Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Event Management of Olympic 2014. Answer: The analysis of event life cycle stages: The following section delves into the event life cycle stages of 2014 Winter Olympic Games held in Sochi, Russia. The Olympic Games held in Russia is often considered as the most expensive Olympic event in the history(International Olympic Committee. 2017). The life cycle of the event can be analysed into three distinct stages, which are as follows: The Formation stage of the Sochis Winter Olympics: The formation stage of the Olympic Games 2014 started in 2007 when the International Olympic Committee (IOC) selected Sochi, Russia as the next Olympic venue over Salzburg, Austria and Pyeongchang, South Korea. This next stage in the formation of the event consisted of allocating funds to the international event. The government is estimated to have allocated USD 49.5 billion towards the event. An analysis of an event of this scale shows that forming of infrastructure is very crucial to successful execution of the event. It is estimated that out of $ 49.5 billion only $10.8 billion was used towards the main event while the rest of the amount was spent to make infrastructure and other facilities(Scott 2015). This winning of the bidding of Russia and the subsequent allocation of funds towards the Olympic Games 2014 led to the next stage of the event, the growth stage. This stage is primarily building of infrastructures and various initiatives by the government of Russia to promote the O lympics 2014(Mller 2014) The growth stage of the Sochis Winter Olympics: The growth stage of the Olympic Games 2014 can be broadly be analysed into three stages namely, selection of venue, marketing of the event and construction of infrastructure. The three stages are analysed as under: Selection of venues: The venues selected were Sochi Olympic Park and the Krasnaya Polyana(Mountain cluster). The authorities first studied the climatic conditions of the various Russian places and selected Sochi due to its favourable climatic conditions. The authorities declared the smoking illegal in the region to maintain healthy environment required for the Olympic Games. They constructed several arenas in each venue dedicated to various events like ceremonies, ice hockey and figure skating. The authorities also arranged for the spectators to stay in the venues and watch the matches(BBC News. 2017). Marketing of the events: Logo and Branding: The Russian authorities launched the emblem of the Olympic 2014 in the year 2009. The emblem was minimalistic and futuristic and had Sochi and 2014 facing each other. An analysis of this decision of the authorities shows that it represented the diversity of the relief of Sochi. The emblem was criticisms from the critics unrealistic and claimed that it should have had more symbols reflecting Russias national identity. The authorities then held a voting to select the official emblem of the games(Schmitt 2014). Mascot: The authorities held a voting for the first time in the history of Olympics to choose the mascots. The mascots were a polar bear, a snow hare and a snow leopard. They were chosen using online voting and text messaging by the Russian people. Stamps and Coins: The Russian Post released postage stamps showing athletes, the three mascots and venues of the event. The Bank of Russia issued special coins and ruble notes of denomination 100 to market the event from their office. Sponsors: A large number of multinational companies like Coca Cola Company and Mc Donalds sponsored the Olympics 2014. The sponsoring companies were from diverse sectors like Microsoft and Pricewater Coopers Private Limited. These large numbers of sponsors ensured that international class resources and technology supplied the event(Gee, Jackson and Sam 2016). Infrastructure building: The authorities spent US $ 850 million to construct telecommunication network and entered into contract with Avaya. The telecommunication structure was constructed to provide information about the events. The important government departments like Russian Ministry of Energy and the Ministry of Regional Development met to decide on construction of necessary infrastructure for the event. The authorities built infrastructure like roads, bridges and railway stations to ensure easy transport of people and materials to the venues of the games(Phillips 2015). The staging of the Sochis Winter Olympics: The next stage of the event of the Olympic Games 2014 was its opening on February 7, 2014 at the Fisht Olympic Stadium. The opening ceremony showcased the culture of Russia, its history, the Russian Revolution and the history of the Soviet Union. The event was managed efficiently by the authorities and was attended by eighty-eight nations. Themanagement and security of the staging of the event was taken care of by the Russian army and police. An analysis of the staging of the games shows that though it was managed excellently by the authorities it received threats from several radical groups like the Chechen Muslims and Vilayat Dagestan. Several Olympic authorities received threats from radical groups to assassinate athletes and officials. These threats created a serious threats to the interest of the stakeholders of the event like the organisers, spectators, governments of the countries involved, suppliers, sponsoring companies and athletes. There were also concerns raised by stakeh olders like the LGBT communities over ill treatment of the transsexual athletes. The third stakeholders concern raised while staging the event was protests from the Circassian organisations who objected that the games were being held on their lands. The fourth stakeholder issue was raised by a former director of anti doping authority of Russia who claimed that Russian Olympic organisers had allowed their athletes to use banned drugs to ensure their high performances(Ingle 2017). Recommendations: The above study raises several stakeholder concerns concerning several groups of stakeholders like spectators, governments, organisers, suppliers and athletes participating in the Olympics 2014. The first issue was security threats from the terrorist groups, the second issue was protests from Circassians, the third concern was breach of LGBT rights and the fourth concern was using of banned drugs by Russian athletes to improve their performances. The following are the recommendations regarding future developments of event destination of the Olympic Games: The countries participating in the Olympic Games should form a special force to deal with terrorist threats. The special force should be composed of defence personnel from all the participating countries. This arrangement would make the international sports events more secure and sustainable by inviting greater number of countries, athletes and sponsoring companies participating in them. The future Olympic events should be held in venues free from issues from stakeholders like Circassians. This would not hamper the interest of any community and the event would be free from any such controversies. This step would make Olympic events more sustainable by drawing participation and cooperation from larger number of communities. It is recommended that the Olympic organisers should frame laws to protect the interests of the transgender athletes who are one of the stakeholders for the event. The transgender athletes who participate in the Olympic event should feel secure and this would encourage them to perform well in the event. This would make the future sports events more sustainable and benefit all the athletes irrespective of their gender orientations. The fourth recommendation to the organisers of the future Olympic events is that they should abstain from allowing their athletes from using banned drugs to perform at the event. This would safeguard ethics and morality of the international sports events like Olympic. References: BBC News. 2017. Sochi 2014: Olympic venue guide. [online] Available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-25946582 [Accessed 19 Sep. 2017]. Gee, S., Jackson, S.J. and Sam, M., 2016. Carnivalesque culture and alcohol promotion and consumption at an annual international sports event in New Zealand.International Review for the Sociology of Sport,51(3), pp.265-283. Ingle, S. 2017. Anti-doping agencies call on IOC to ban Russia from 2018 Winter Olympics. [online] the Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2017/sep/14/anti-doping-agencies-tell-ioc-ban-russia-2018-winter-olympics [Accessed 19 Sep. 2017]. International Olympic Committee. 2017. Sochi Olympics - 2014 Winter Games in Russia results videos. [online] Available at: https://www.olympic.org/sochi-2014 [Accessed 19 Sep. 2017]. Mller, M., 2014. After Sochi 2014: costs and impacts of Russias Olympic Games.Eurasian geography and economics,55(6), pp.628-655. Phillips, M.K., 2015. Building Up Infrastructure.CFA Institute Magazine,26(6). Robbins, J., Hunter, L. and Murray, G.R., 2013. Voters versus terrorists: Analyzing the effect of terrorist events on voter turnout.Journal of Peace Research,management 50(4), pp.495-508. Schmitt, M., 2014.Nation Branding in Result of a Crisis: An Analysis of the Beijing and London Summer Olympics(Doctoral dissertation, Southern Illinois University at Edwardsville). Scott, K.G., 2015.The Impact of Hosting the Summer Olympic Games on Economic Growth in Developing Countries: A Case Study of the 2008 Beijing Games(Doctoral dissertation, The University of Mississippi). Stampnews.com. (2017). Cite a Website - Cite This For Me. [online] Available at: https://www.stampnews.com/tags/sochi-2014-winter-olympics-stamps [Accessed 19 Sep. 2017].