Medicating kids with add and adhd disorder Essay

Medicating kids with add and adhd disorder - Essay Example It is complex syndrome of impairments related to the development of brain cognitive management systems or executive functions. It affects a person’s organization skills, concentration, focus and prolonged attention on a task, processing speed, short-term working memory and access recall, sustained motivation to work and the appropriate management of emotions (Brown: 14) In analyzing the human brain, the frontal part of the cortex is responsible for thinking, problem-solving decision-making and behavior control. This area is affected in individuals with ADHD (Hammerness: 52). Their impairment is related to problems in the release and reloading of two crucial neurotransmitter chemicals made in the brain: dopamine and norepinephrine. Such chemicals facilitate the communication within neural networks that control one’s thinking (Brown:15). Because of their impulsive and inattentive nature, it is important to come up with interventions that can help people with ADHD to be mo re in control of their behaviours. On one hand, the option of giving them medication to augment their brain function deficits is a sensible way to help them manage their disorder. On the other hand, some people, especially educators, do not recommend medicating individuals, especially children, diagnosed with ADHD and instead, recommend non-medicated intervention alternatives. In terms of medicated interventions, Brown (16) contends that certain medications have been manufactured to compensate for the inefficient release and reloading of essential neurotransmitters at countless synaptic connections in the brain. Individuals with the ADHD disorder have experienced remarkable improvement in their functioning when they are treated with appropriate doses of such medications. These medications alleviate symptoms only for the time when the medication is active in the brain, thus helping the individual in most self-management tasks. Hammerness (55) reports that stimulant medications such a s Ritalin which is a methylphenidate are effective helping children with ADHD to be calm and focused. These stimulants increase the neurotransmitter messages from one neuron to another. For example, if the brain cells in the area responsible for attention are not getting enough messages between them then the brain does not function well and does not direct the individual’s attention to focus on his assigned task. When the individual takes the medication, it gets absorbed into the bloodstream then travels to the brain where it works to improve attention deficits. Stimulant medications have been proven to improve ADHD symptoms of 65-75% of children who take them (Hammerness: 55). Such medications provide children with more control of their bodies, their speech and their focus. They need to be part of the team deciding about the use of medication for their condition because when they grow up, they have to make their own decisions about their own treatment. The use of medication in helping individuals with ADHD manage their condition has been greatly welcomed when a study published in the New England Journal of Medicine in November, 1990, reported that ADHD is a neurologically based behavioural disorder that is best treated by stimulants (Mayes & Erkulwater: 315). In general, vast research provide evidence that ADHD medication are safe especially when administered over short-term use. On the other hand, some camps are against the use of medic

Wine - Yeast Essay Example for Free

Wine Yeast Essay I. Introduction Wines have been one of the favorite beverages in the world. Many Europeans nowadays prefer wine to water as a daily beverage like their ancestors many centuries ago, despite of its bad effects in the health when consumed excessively. Different varieties of the grapes and strains of yeast produce different type of wine. Wines are alcoholic beverage that is usually made from grapes and other fermented juice like apples and berries. The fermentation takes place in the district origin, according to local tradition and practice. Only a relatively small area of the world is â€Å"wine producing. † This is because the grapes will only provide juice of the quality necessary for conversion into a drinkable wine where there must be enough sun to ripen the grape and the winter must be moderate, yet sufficient cool. Wines, which are widely known to be a delicious beverage, are also known for its significant uses. II. Body A. Definition of Wine Wine is an alcoholic beverage made from the fermentation of grape juice and other fruits, such as apples and berries. The English word â€Å"wine† comes from the Proto-Germanic â€Å"*winam,† an early borrowing from the Latin vinum, â€Å"wine† or â€Å"grapewine,† itself derived from the Proto-Indo-European stem *win-o. Although other fruits can be fermented, the resultant â€Å"wines† are normally named after the fruits from it produce, like apple wine or elderberry wine, and are generically known as fruit or country wine. Others are made from starch-based materials and resemble beer more than wine, such as barley wine and rice wine, while ginger wine is fortified with brandy. In these cases, the use of the term â€Å"wine† is a reference to the higher alcohol content, rather than production process. The commercial use of the English word â€Å"wine,† and its equivalent in other language, is protected by the law in many jurisdictions. B. History of Wines Archeological evidences suggest that the earliest known production of wine took place from sites in Georgia and Armenia from as early as 8000 – 6000 BC. These locations are all within the natural area of the European grape Vitis vinifera. Dr. Patrick McGovern and his colleagues analyzed the heritage of more than 110 modern grape cultivars through an extensive gene-mapping project in 2006, and narrowed their origin to a region in Georgina, where also wine residues were discovered on the inner surfaces of 8000-year-old-ramic storage jars in Shulavari, Georgina. In his book â€Å"Ancient wine: the search for the origins of viniculture,† McGovern proposes modern-day Georgia and Armenia as the likely sites of the domestication of the Eurasian wine grape some 8000 years ago. Winemaking spread south out there with wines being produced in northwest Iran and Haiji Firuz Tepe by 5400 BC. A little more than 4,000 years later, Near Eastern wine culture had evolved to the point where amphoras found in the palace of Amenhotep III in western Thebes noted vintage, quality, appellation, and even the purpose or occasion for the blend. The very oldest known evidence suggesting wine production in Europe and second oldest in the world comes from archeological sites in Greece also contain remnants of the world’s earliest evidence of crushed grapes. In medieval Europe, the Roman Catholic Church was a staunch supporter of wine which they required it for the Mass. In places like Germany, beer was banned and considered pagan and barbaric while wine consumption was viewed as civilized and a sign of conversion. Monks in France made wine for years, aging it in caves. And old English recipe that survived in various forms until the 19th century calls for refining while from bastard – bad or tainted bastardo wine. Viticulture foundation the Romans laid in the land that today are world renowned wine regions is one of the lasting legacies of the ancient Roman Empire. Areas with Roman garrison towns, like Bordeaux, Trier, and Colchester, the Romans planted vineyards to supply local needs and limit the cost of long distance trading. In India, viticulture has a long history dating back to the time of the Indus valley civilization where grapevines are believed to have been introduced to Persia sometime in the 5000 BC. The first known mentioning of grape-based wines in the late 4th century BC is the writings of Chanakya who was the chief minister of Emperor Chandragupta Maurya. In his writings, Chanakya condems the use of alcohol while chronicling the emperor and his courts frequent indulgence of a style of grape wine known as Madhu. Wine became a part of recorded history in Egypt, which plays an important role in ancient ceremonial life. Traces of wine were also found in China, dating back from the second and first millennium. A 2003 report by archeologists indicates a possibility that grapes were mixes with rice to produce mixed fermented beverages in China in the early years of the seventh millennium BC. Pottery jars from the Neolothic sites in Jianhu, Henan contained traces of tartaric acid and other organic compounds commonly found in wine. However, other fruits indigenous to the regions, such as hawthorn, can not be ruled out. If these beverages, which seem to be precursors of rice wine, included grapes rather than other fruits, these grapes were of any of the several dozen indigenous wild species of grapes in China, rather from vitis vinifera, which were introduced into China some 6000 years later. C. Processes in Winemaking. Winemaking or vinification, is the production of wine, starting with selection of the grapes or other produce and ending with bottling the finished wine. Although most wine is made from grapes, it may also be made from other fruit or non-toxic plant material. Enology is the science of wine and winemaking and the oldest known winemaking operation was discovered in a cave in Armenia, estimated to be 6,100 years old. There are two general categories in winemaking: still wine production (without carbonation) and sparkling wine production (with carbonation). Wine grapes grow almost exclusively between thirty and fifty degrees north or south of the equator. The world’s southernmost vineyards are in the Central Otago region of New Zealand’s South Island near the 45th parallel south, and the northernmost are in Flen, Sweden, hust north of the 50th parallel north. 1. Choosing and harvesting the grapes Grapes grow on vines. There are many different types of grapes, but the best wine grape is the European vitis vinifera. It is considered optimal because it has the right balance of sugar and acid to create a good fermented wine without the addition of sugar or water. Vitis vinifera includes all varieties of European origin. Weather is a major factor in determining whether a year is going to be a â€Å"good vintage† (or â€Å"year†). In northern hemisphere, grapes are harvested from early September to early November while mid February to early March in the southern hemisphere. In some cool areas in the southern hemisphere, like Tasmania, harvesting extends to May. Grapes are harvested during the cool morning. The wine grape grower plays a game of chance to winemakers yearly. They must decide when exactly they must harvest to be able to produce fine wines. Simplistically, if they knew it wasn’t going to rain, they would test the Brix (level of sugar) until it was just right, then harvest. If they harvest too soon, they may probably end up getting a wine too low in alcohol content which there won’t have enough sugar to convert to alcohol. These wines will be â€Å"thin. † And if they delay the harvesting, there may be too sugar which leads to too low acid content. This also affects the taste and the aging possibilities of the wine. Harvesting grapes are done through mechanical or manual. The winemakers typically made the decision to harvest grapes and informed by the Brix, acid (Titratable Acidity as expressed by tartaric acid equivalents) and pH of the grapes. Other considerations include phonological ripeness, berry flavor, tannin development (seed color and taste). Overall disposition of the grapevine and weather forecast are taken into account. 2. Initial processes After the grapes have been picked and transported to the winery, certain preparatory steps must be taken before the actual winemaking can begun. Cleanliness and sanitation are essential for good winemaking, as troublesome bacteria can cause disastrous result. Upon arriving at the winery, grapes are treated with 50-70 ppm of free sulfur dioxide. This process is called sulfating, and inhibits the unwanted and wild yeast species on the grapes. Grapes are crushed to get the juice through Pigeage (stomping on it with feet in a big vat). But the easier and more practical way is to use machine which does the crushing and at the same time, removes the stems. Some grapes may bypass the stemmer/crusher and go directly to the process for whole berry pressing. However, the decision about destemming is different for red and white winemaking. Generally, when making white wine, the fruit is only crushed, the stems are then placed in the press with the berries. The presence of stems in the mix facilities pressing allow the juice to flow past flattened skins. These accumulate at the edge of the press. For red winemaking, stems of the grapes are usually removed before fermentation since the stem has relatively high tannin content; in addition to tannin they can also give the wine a vegetal aroma (due to extraction of 2-methoxyl-3-isopropylpyrazine which has an aroma reminiscent of green bell peppers). On occasion, the winemakers may decide to leave them in if the grapes themselves contain less tannin than desired. This is more acceptable if the stem have ripened and started to turn brown. If increase skin extract is desired, a winemaker might choose to crush the grapes after destemming. Removal of stems first means no stem tannin can be extracted in these cases the grapes pass between two rollers which squeeze the grapes enough to separate the skin and pulp, but not so much as to cause excessive shearing or tearing of the skin tissues. In some cases, notably with â€Å"dalicated† red varietals, all or plant of the grapes might be left uncrushed (called â€Å"whole berry†) to encourage the retention of fruity aromas through partial carbonic maceration. 3. Fermentation Through the process of fermentation, the grape juice is turned into alcohol. Grapes on the vine are covered with yeast, molds and bacteria. By putting grape juice into a container at the right temperature, yeast will turn the sugar in the juice into alcohol and carbon dioxide. The grape juice will have fermented. Fermentation is carried out in stainless steel vessels. Yeast also gives flavor to the wine. But the yeast that is on the grape skin when it is harvested may not have the desire flavor. Other things on the outside of a grape are not good for the wine like the acetic bacteria on the grapes which can cause the wine to turn into vinegar. The winemaker can eliminate unwanted yeast’s molds and bacteria, most commonly by using the â€Å"universal disinfectant,† sulfur dioxide. Unfortunately, the sulfites which remain in the wine may cause a lot of discomfort to some wine drinkers. Some winemakers prefer not to do this, and purposely create wines that are subject to the vagaries and different flavors of the yeast that pre-exist on the grapes. The winemakers have many different yeast strains to choose from (and can use strains at the different times during the process for better control fermentation). Saccharomyces is the most common wine yeast. This is a good point to stop and mention â€Å"Brett,† also known as the Brettanomyces strain of yeast (which can be added or come from wild yeast fermentation). As yeast works, it causes grape juice or â€Å"must† to get hot. But if theres too much heat, the yeast wont work. Cooling coils are necessary to maintain a temperature below 30 degrees Celsius. Placing in small oak barrels is still widely used in fermenting wine, even if it is less modern. â€Å"Barrel fermentation is usually done at a lower temperature in temperature controlled rooms and takes longer, perhaps around 6 weeks. The longer fermentation and use of wood contributes to the flavor (and usually expense) of the wine. The skins and pulp which remain in a red wine vat will rise to and float on top of the juice. This causes problems, so the winemaker will push this cap back down into the juice, usually at least twice a day. If it dries out, it’s a perfect breeding ground for injurious bacteria. In large vats, pushing the skin and pulp back down into the juice is accomplished by pumping juice from the bottom of the vat over the top of the cap. Eventually the yeast is no longer changing sugar to alcohol though different strains of yeast, which can survive in higher and higher levels of alcohol, can take over and contribute their own flavor to the wine as well as converting a bit more sugar to alcohol. After all this is completed what you have left are the wine, dead yeast cells, known as lees and various other substances. The winemakers may choose to allow a white wine to undergo a second fermentation which occurs due to malic in the grape juice. When malic acid which is due to bacteria in the wine, it is known as â€Å"malo-lactic fermentation,† which imparts additional flavor to the wine. A buttery flavor in some whites is due to this process. This process is used for sparkling wines. 4. First racking When the fermentation is completed naturally or stopped by the addition of distilled spirit, first racking is carried out. This involves the wine to stand still until most yeast cells and fine suspended material settle out. Then without disturbing the sediments or the yeast, the wine is filtered. 5. Aging The winery may then keep the wine so that there can be additional clarification and, in some wines, to give it a more complex flavors. Flavor can come from the chemicals that make up the wood and are taken up into the wine. The wine is aged in stainless steel tanks. In some instances, the wine is put into oak barrels where it will continue its development until bottling. It may be barrel aged for several months to several years where no air is allowed to enter the barrels during those periods. Ignoring any additional processing that might be used, winemakers could empty the barrels into bottles and sell the wine. However, during the winery aging, the smaller containers may develop differences and the winemaker will probably blend wine from different barrels to achieve a uniform result. The winemaker may also blend together different grape varieties to achieve desired characteristics. 6. Filtration Filtration in winemaking is used to accomplish two objectives: clarification and microbial stabilization. In clarification, large particles that affect the visual appearance of the wine are removed. In microbial stabilization, organisms that affect the stability of the wine are removed therefore reducing the likelihood of re-fermentation or spoilage. Stabilization with respect to tartarates may involve chilling of wine than can be crystallized tartarates and these crystals can be removed by filtration. 7. Pasteurization It may be heat pasteurized or cold pasteurized if the wine has an alcoholic content of less than 14% through microporous filters just before bottling. 8. Bottling Different shaped bottles are often use by the winemakers to denote different types of wine. Colored bottles help to reduce damage by light because light assists in oxidation and breakdown of the wine into chemicals, such as mercaptan, which are undesirable. Bottle sizes can also vary. A final dose of sulfite is added to help preserve the wine and prevent unwanted fermentation in the bottle. The wine bottles then are traditionally sealed with a cork, although alternative wine closures such as synthetic corks and screwcaps, which are less subject to cork taint, are becoming increasingly popular. The final step is adding a capsule to the top of the bottle which is then heated for a tight seal. 9. Storing Wine cellars, or wine rooms if they are above-ground, are places designed specifically for the storage and aging of wines. In an active wine cellar, temperature and humidity are maintained by a climate control system. Passive wine cellars are not climate-controlled and so much be carefully located. Wines can maintain their quality and in some cases improve aroma, flavor, and complexity as they age when properly stored. Some wine experts contend that the optimal temperature for aging wine is 55  °F (13  °C), others 59  °F (15  °C). Wine refrigerators offer an alternative to wine cellars. They are available in capacities ranging from small 16-bottle units to furniture pieces that can contain 400 bottles. Wine refrigerators are not ideal for aging, but rather serve to chill wine to the perfect temperature for drinking. These refrigerators keep the humidity low, usually under 50%, which is below the optimal humidity of 50% to 70%. Lower humidity levels can dry corks out over time, allowing oxygen to enter the bottle and reduce the wines quality. D. Classifications of Wines 1. Table wines Table wines, also called still or natural wines, are consumed mostly with food, they tend to compliment the meal. It is the largest category. The alcoholic strength may be between 9% and 15%, by volume. The wines may be: †¢Red: being fermented in contact with grape skins from which the wine gets it color. Normally dry wines. †¢White: usually produced from white grapes, but the grape juice is usually fermented away from the skins. Normally dry to very sweet. †¢Rose: made in three ways – from black grapes fermented on the skins for up to 48 hours; by mixing red and white wines together; or by pressing grapes so that some color is extracted. It may be dry or semi-sweet. These are called blush wines in the USA when made wholly from grapes. 2. Sparkling wines These are wines that have undergone a second fermentation and thus become effervescent. Semi-sparkling wines are known by the term â€Å"petillant. † Sparkling wines have varying degrees of dryness and flavor and contain 10 to 14 percent alcohol. It includes: champagne, sparkling Burgundy, and sparkling Moselle and are available from France, Spain, Italy, and many other country. 3. Fortified wines Fortified wines, such as Sherry, Vermouth, Port, and Madeira, are most commonly drunk before or after meals. It has been strengthened by the addition of alcohol, usually a grape spirit. Fortified wines are also frequently used in cooking. Fortified wines are known within the European Union as a liqueur wines or vins de liqueur. Their alcoholic strength may be between 15% and 22%, by volume. Flavored and fortified wines are called Aromatized wines. 4. Organic wines These wines are known as â€Å"green† or â€Å"environmentally friendly† wines, are made from grapes grown without the aid of artificial insecticides, pesticides or fertilizers. The wine itself will not be adulterated in any way, save for minimal amounts of the traditional preservatives, sulphur dioxide, which is controlled at source. 5. Alcohol-free, de-alcoholized and low alcohol wines These wines are made in the normal way and the alcohol is removed by hot treatment – distillation – which unfortunately removes most of the flavor as well, or, more satisfactory, by a cold filtration process, also known as reverse osmosis. This removes the alcohol by mechanically separating or filtering out the molecules of alcohol through membranes made of cellulose or acetate. To do this, at a later stage, water and a little must are added, thus attempting to preserve much of the flavor of the original wine. The alcohol-free has the maximum content of 0. 05%, de-alcoholized has the maximum of 0. 05%, and the low alcohol has the maximum of 1. 25% alcohol. 6. Vins doux naturales These are sweet wines that have had their fermentation muted by the addition of alcohol in order to retain their natural sweetness. Muting takes place when the alcohol level reaches between 5% and 8%, by volume. They have a final alcohol strength of about 17%, by volume. E. Tasting of Wines Wine tasting is the sensory examination and evaluation of wine. Wines are made up chemical compounds similar or identical to those in fruits, vegetables, and spices. The sweetness of wine is determined by the amount of residual sugar present in the wine. Dry wine, for example, has only a small amount of residual sugar. The sommelier, as well as having an extensive knowledge of the wine list, should have a good knowledge of the characteristics of the different wines offered. To ensure this, the sommelier must know the correct approach to tasting wine. Experienced tasters can distinguish between flavors characteristic of a specific grape and flavors that can result from other factors in winemaking. Individual flavors may also be detected, due to the complex mix of organic molecules such as estors and terpenes that a grape juice and wine can contain. Typical international flavor elements in wine are those imparted by aging in oak casks; chocolate, vanilla, or coffee almost always come from the oak and hot the grape itself. Tasting may be said to be an analysis of wine by senses. It is the appreciation by the senses of the qualities of a wine: †¢Sight: indicating the clarity and color of the wine. †¢Smell: determines the banquet of a wine by means of a vigorous swirling in the glass. †¢Taste: allows detection of the aroma in the mouth. Banana flavors (isoamyl acetate) are the product of yeast metabolism, as the spoilage aromas such as sweaty, barnyard, band and rotten egg. Some varietals can also have a mineral flavor due to the presence of water0soluble salts (like limestones). Wine aromas come from volatile compound in the wine that is released into the air. Vaporization of these compounds can be sped up by twirling the wine glass of serving the wine at room temperature. For red wines that are already highly aromatic, like Chinon and Beaujolais, many people prefer them chilled. The taste-character of wine is detected in different parts of the mouth but especially by the tongue: sweetness at the tip, acidity on the upper edges, saltiness at the sides, and bitterness at the back. Dryness and sweetness are immediately obvious, as is acidity, which generally provides liveliness and crispness. Astringency or tannin content, associated with some red wines, will give a dry coating effect especially on the teeth and gums. The combination of smell and taste gives what is often termed â€Å"flavor. † This might be for example, the amount of tannin content in the wine, its degrees. of dryness or sweetness, whether it is a light or heavy bodied wine, etc. To appreciate the tasting of wine to the full, the taster must work in the correct environment. That is: †¢No noise to distract the taster †¢Good ventilation to eliminate odor †¢Sufficient light, not artificial, but daylight if possible †¢Temperature of the room at about 20 °C (68 °F) The glass, that must be the correct shape, is the tool of the taster. A wine glass with a stem and of sufficient capacity should be fairly wide but narrowing at the top. This allows the â€Å"elements† making up the bouquet to become concentrated and thus better assessed. The wine glass should never be filled to more than one-third capacity to allow the taster to swirl the wine around the glass more easily. It goes without saying that the tasting glass should be spotlessly clean. F. Uses of Wines 1. In dishes Wines are popular and important beverage that accompanies and enhances a wide range of European and Mediterranean-style cuisines, for the simple and traditional to the most sophisticated and complex. Wine is important in cuisines not just for its value as a beverage, but as a flavor agent, primarily in stocks and braising, since its acidity lends balance to rich savory or sweet dishes. Red, white, and sparkling wines are the most popular, and are known as light wines because they are only 14-20% alcohol content, by volume. Aperitif and dessert wines contain 14-20% alcohol, and sometimes fortified to make them richer and sweeter. And fortified wines are frequently used in cooking. 2. In traditions and religions Wines are also used in religious ceremonies in many cultures and wine trade is of historical importance for many regions. Libations often included wine, and the religious mysteries of Dionysus are usually thought to have uses wine as an entheogen. Wines play an integral part of Jewish laws and traditions. The Kiddush, a blessing said before starting the first and second Shabbat or festival meals and Havdallah, a blessing said after the Shabbat or festival are required to say over wine if available. On Pesach (Passover) during the Seder, it is also required to drink four cups of wine. In the Tabernacle and in the Temple of Jerusalem, the libation of wine was part of the sacrificial service. It is not mean that wine is a symbol of blood, a common misconception which contributes to the myth of the blood libel. A blessing over wine said before indulging in the drink is: â€Å"Baruch atah Hashem elokeinu melech haolam, boray p’rec hagafen† (Praised be the Eternal, Ruler of the Universe, who makes the fruit of the vine). In Christianity, wine or grape juice is used in a sacred rite called Eucharist, Lord’s Supper, or Communion, which originates in Gospel accounts of the Last Supper when Jesus shared bread and wine with his disciples and commanded his followers to â€Å"do this in remembrance of me. † Beliefs about the nature of the Eucharist vary among denominations, which Roman Catholic believing that the bread and the wine are changed into real body and blood of Christ. Wines were used in the rite by all Protestants groups until an alternative arose in 1869. Methodist minister-turned-dentist Thomas Bramwell Welch applied new pasteurization techniques to stop the natural fermentation process of the grape juice. The substitution of grape juice for wine spread quickly over much of the United States in Protestant rites, although the beverage is usually called wine in accordance with scriptural references. Some Christians who were part of the growing temperance movement pressed for a switch from wine to grape juice. There remains an ongoing debate between some American Protestant denominations as to whether wine can or should be used in moderation for the Eucharist or as a regular beverage. The use of wine is forbidden under Islam. Iran used to have a thriving wine industry that disappeared after the Islamic revolution. G. Health Effects of Wines The health effects of wine (and alcohol in general) are the subject of considerable ongoing study. In the USA, a boom in red wine consumption was initiated in the 1990s by 60 Minutes, and other news reports on the French paradox. The French paradox refers to the lower incidence of coronary heart disease in France than in the USA despite high levels of saturated fat in the traditional French diet. Epidemiologists suspect that this difference is attributed to the high consumption of wines by the French; however this suspicion is based on limited scientific evidence. Population studies have observed a J curve association between wine consumption and the risk of heart disease. This means that abstainers and heavy drinkers have an elevated risk, whilst moderate drinkers have a lower risk. Population studies have also found that moderate consumption of other alcoholic beverages may be cardioprotective, though the association is considerably stronger for wine. These studies have found a protective effect from both red wine as well as white wine, though evidence from laboratory studies suggests that red wine may possess superior health benefits including prevention of cancer due to the fact red wine contains more polyphenols than white wine due to the production process. A chemical called resveratrol is thought to be at least partly responsible for red wines health benefits, as it has been shown to exert a range of both cardioprotective as well as chemoprotective mechanisms in animal studies Resveratrol is produced naturally by grape skins in response to fungal infection, which includes exposure to yeast during fermentation. As white wine has minimal contact with grape skins during this process, it generally contains lower levels of resveratrol. Other beneficial compounds in wine include other polyphenols, antioxidants, and flavonoids. Red wines from South of France and Sardinia Italy have been found to have the highest levels of procyanidins — the compounds in grape seeds responsible for making red wine good for the heart. Wines from France and Sardinia have between two and four times as much procyanidins as other red wines. Procyanidins suppress the synthesis of a peptide called endothelin-1 that constricts blood vessels. A 2007 study found that both red and white wines are effective anti-bacterial agents against strains of Streptococcus. Interestingly, wine has traditionally been used to treat wounds in some parts of the world. While evidence from both laboratory studies as well as epidemiological (observational) studies suggest wines cardioprotective effect, no evidence from controlled experiments — of which long-term studies are still ongoing — currently exists to determine the specific effect of wine or other alcohol on the risk of developing heart disease or stroke. Moreover, excessive consumption of alcohol including wine can cause some diseases including cirrhosis of the liver and alcoholism. Sulphites in wine are not a problem for most people, although some people, particularly people with asthma, can experience adverse reactions to them. Although G. M. Pasinetti, S. S. Percival, et al discovered that cabernet sauvignon red wine reduces the risk of Alzheimers Disease, the researchers at Germanys Gottingen University found that wine damages hippocampus more than other alcohols among diagnosed alcoholics. III. Conclusion Wine is defined to be an alcoholic beverage that is made from the fermentation of grape juice or â€Å"must† and other fruits like berries and apples. The word comes from the Proto-Germanic â€Å"winam. † The term â€Å"wine† is a reference to the higher alcohol content and the commercial use of it and its equivalent in other language is protected by the law in many jurisdictions. Wines have a rich history, dating back around 8000 BC and are thought to have originated in the areas now within the borders of Armenia, Georgia, and Iran. Wine first appeared in Europe at about 4500 BC in Balkans, and was common in Ancient Greece, Thrace, and Rome. Wine had been also in the recorded history of India, Egypt, and China and had been one of the lasting legacies of the ancient Roman Empire. In winemaking or vinification, wines are produced starting with choosing and harvesting of the grapes where the grapes are selected and harvested through machines or hands, to the initial processes of the grapes and fermentation of wines were the grape juice are turned into alcohol, to the first racking where the wines are allowed to stand still, then the wines will aged in stainless tanks or oak barrels and filtration to accomplish clarification and microbial stabilization. Pasteurization will be followed where wines can be heat or cold pasteurized, then bottling and lastly, wines are stored in wine cellars or wine rooms. Wines are classified as the following: Table wines, Sparkling wines, Fortified wines, Organic wines, Alcohol-free, de-alcoholized and low alcohol wines, and Vins doux naturales. Wines are classified through the way they are fermented, their alcohol content, and their uses. Wine tasting is the examination and evaluation of wines through the senses of sight, smell, and taste. Wine tasting should be done in a room that is silent, well-ventilated, well-lighted, and that has a temperature of about 20 °C or 68 °F. Wines are used in dishes especially in European and Mediterranean-style cuisines, and it is not only used as a beverage but also a flavor agent and a cooking tool. Also, wines are used in religions and traditions; it is used in Christian Eucharist ceremonies, the Jewish Kiddush, Islam, and Protestants. In health, wines causes coronary heart disease which abstainers and heavy drinkers have an elevated risk while moderate have a lower risk. It is also found that other alcoholic beverage may be cardioprotective through the association that is considerably stronger that wine. Red wine suggest through the evidence.

United Parcel Service - UPS Essay -- essays research papers

United Parcel Service Executive Summary UPS has announced that after more than 90 years as a private company, it was planning an initial public offering to become a publicly traded company. In response to this, we will first analyze UPS ¡Ã‚ ¦s business strategy and it ¡Ã‚ ¦s sustainability of its current performance. Then we will look at key factors to estimate the UPS ¡Ã‚ ¦s market capitalization value using FedEx ¡Ã‚ ¦s multiples as well as  ¡Ã‚ §best in breed ¡Ã‚ ¨ company premiums. From this, we concluded that UPS ¡Ã‚ ¦s IPO should create a market capitalization for UPS between $17,520 million and $30,415 million. Evaluation UPS is the largest parcel delivery service in the world. They also help their customers its customers with supply chain management, logistics, and financial services. UPS used to be a trucking company with technology, now it ¡Ã‚ ¦s a technology company with trucks. One of the UPS ¡Ã‚ ¦s key success factors is the way they manage their operations. Their carefully designed network of vehicles, sorting facilities, and hubs combined with their IT system, allows them to pick up 13 million packages each day from 2 million addresses for delivery to over 6 million commercial and residential addresses worldwide with highest levels of reliability, efficiency, and speed. Also the integration of its air and ground operations gave UPS the ability to optimize utilization of its assets while still meeting customer service requirements. Other key success factor is UPS ¡Ã‚ ¦s human resource management. UPS has lowest turnover rates in the industry and succeeds in developing a portion of its wor kforce for management positions each year. The company ¡Ã‚ ¦s unique culture emphasized accountability and efficient execution at every level of the organization. UPS is performing better than FedEx in financial performances. From 1997-1999, UPS reported average net profit margins of 6.5% while FedEx ¡Ã‚ ¦s was 2.8% and ROE of 25.2% for UPS and 10.6% for FedEx. Although UPS ¡Ã‚ ¦s net income in 1999 dropped significantly, it was result of a tax dispute, which should not affect the sustainability of the UPS financial performance. One of the factors driving this performance is the growth in the international delivery business. International operations in 1999 has accounted for 13% of the UPS ¡Ã‚ ¦s revenues and 5% of the operating profits. International package revenue grew 50% since 1994 and international... ...OB premium for the trailing price to earnings multiple, we come up with UPS market capitalization of $21,985 million. If we use the 103% average BOB premium for the market to book multiple, then we come with UPS market capitalization of $38,845 million. UPS doesn ¡Ã‚ ¦t seem like it deserves a BOB premium because its only has 15% higher net income than FedEx where the BOB premium companies average over 200% higher net income than the industrial comparable. But, since the last year ¡Ã‚ ¦s net income was negatively affected by the tax court ruling we believe their net income in 1999 should be looked at without this one time write off against their net income which would bring their net income more closer to what the BOB premium companies average. Conclusion We believe the UPS ¡Ã‚ ¦s actual market capitalization and stock value lies somewhere between $17,520 million and $30,415 million. Although we believe that UPS shouldn ¡Ã‚ ¦t be fully valued using the BOB premium because of the uncertain future business and financial prospects, we also don ¡Ã‚ ¦t think just using FedEx ¡Ã‚ ¦s multiples as benchmark for the UPS ¡Ã‚ ¦s value captures the true market capitalization value for UPS. United Parcel Service - UPS Essay -- essays research papers United Parcel Service Executive Summary UPS has announced that after more than 90 years as a private company, it was planning an initial public offering to become a publicly traded company. In response to this, we will first analyze UPS ¡Ã‚ ¦s business strategy and it ¡Ã‚ ¦s sustainability of its current performance. Then we will look at key factors to estimate the UPS ¡Ã‚ ¦s market capitalization value using FedEx ¡Ã‚ ¦s multiples as well as  ¡Ã‚ §best in breed ¡Ã‚ ¨ company premiums. From this, we concluded that UPS ¡Ã‚ ¦s IPO should create a market capitalization for UPS between $17,520 million and $30,415 million. Evaluation UPS is the largest parcel delivery service in the world. They also help their customers its customers with supply chain management, logistics, and financial services. UPS used to be a trucking company with technology, now it ¡Ã‚ ¦s a technology company with trucks. One of the UPS ¡Ã‚ ¦s key success factors is the way they manage their operations. Their carefully designed network of vehicles, sorting facilities, and hubs combined with their IT system, allows them to pick up 13 million packages each day from 2 million addresses for delivery to over 6 million commercial and residential addresses worldwide with highest levels of reliability, efficiency, and speed. Also the integration of its air and ground operations gave UPS the ability to optimize utilization of its assets while still meeting customer service requirements. Other key success factor is UPS ¡Ã‚ ¦s human resource management. UPS has lowest turnover rates in the industry and succeeds in developing a portion of its wor kforce for management positions each year. The company ¡Ã‚ ¦s unique culture emphasized accountability and efficient execution at every level of the organization. UPS is performing better than FedEx in financial performances. From 1997-1999, UPS reported average net profit margins of 6.5% while FedEx ¡Ã‚ ¦s was 2.8% and ROE of 25.2% for UPS and 10.6% for FedEx. Although UPS ¡Ã‚ ¦s net income in 1999 dropped significantly, it was result of a tax dispute, which should not affect the sustainability of the UPS financial performance. One of the factors driving this performance is the growth in the international delivery business. International operations in 1999 has accounted for 13% of the UPS ¡Ã‚ ¦s revenues and 5% of the operating profits. International package revenue grew 50% since 1994 and international... ...OB premium for the trailing price to earnings multiple, we come up with UPS market capitalization of $21,985 million. If we use the 103% average BOB premium for the market to book multiple, then we come with UPS market capitalization of $38,845 million. UPS doesn ¡Ã‚ ¦t seem like it deserves a BOB premium because its only has 15% higher net income than FedEx where the BOB premium companies average over 200% higher net income than the industrial comparable. But, since the last year ¡Ã‚ ¦s net income was negatively affected by the tax court ruling we believe their net income in 1999 should be looked at without this one time write off against their net income which would bring their net income more closer to what the BOB premium companies average. Conclusion We believe the UPS ¡Ã‚ ¦s actual market capitalization and stock value lies somewhere between $17,520 million and $30,415 million. Although we believe that UPS shouldn ¡Ã‚ ¦t be fully valued using the BOB premium because of the uncertain future business and financial prospects, we also don ¡Ã‚ ¦t think just using FedEx ¡Ã‚ ¦s multiples as benchmark for the UPS ¡Ã‚ ¦s value captures the true market capitalization value for UPS.

My Hobby Essay

Vegetable gardening as my favorite hobby Deepa George WGU February 20, 2013 Vegetable gardening as my favorite hobby Hobby is an entertaining activity which provides pleasure and recreation. It is a way of escaping from the stress and the monotony of one’s daily round of duties. Therefore, hobby is essential for the proper enjoyment of life. My favorite hobby is vegetable gardening because it provides me sense of pride, peace, and relaxation, promote healthy life style and save money on groceries. You should start gardening as your hobby because it provides you relaxation, keeps you physically healthy, and save money on grocery bills. First of all, a vegetable garden is an easy and effective way to provide a sense of pride and relaxation. I am fortunate to have a spacious backyard for the gardening. I have vegetables and crops such as peas, lettuce, greens, cabbages, root crops, squash, beans, corn, melons, cucumber, eggplant, pepper, and herbs in my garden in different seasons. Research shows that gardening promotes mental health by relieving stress and promoting a sense of accomplishment. Spending some time in the garden ease stress, keep you limber and improve your mood. Vegetable gardening is a wonderful pastime the whole family can enjoy. Allowing children to be involved in the gardening help them to develop an understanding of nature, sense of responsibility, and pride. Kids are more likely to taste vegetables they grow themselves. My five year old son is proud about our vegetable garden. He helps us with watering the plants, caring for the crop and harvesting the produce. He was extremely reluctant to eat fruits and vegetables buying from the market, but now he does not want to miss anything coming from our garden. When your daughter Sara was in my house, she enjoyed peeking under leaves in search of ripe fruits and vegetables. Hence, I am sure that she will be so happy to have her own garden. Growing your own food, build a sense of pride and satisfaction. Watching a seed sprout in front of your eyes to become food on your plate is gratifying. The commitment for garden rewards you with a feeling that you have brought something to life. It is truly exciting to go to your backyard and get a juicy, ripened tomato for a salad. Now the weather is turning warm and favorable for planting. You should make a vegetable garden with your favorite vegetables like tomatoes, cucumbers and jalapeno peppers. The stores like Lowes, Home depot, and local seed stores have varieties of seeds with planting instructions. I will help you with picking out plants, preparing raised beds and containers, and fertilization of plants. I would like you to enjoy the sense of pride, accomplishment and relaxation by gardening which brings you close to nature. Secondly, planting vegetable gardening keeps you and your family healthy. It provides fresh fruits and vegetables right at your fingertips. Everybody is seriously concerned about the safety of the food available in the market. When you grow your own food carefully and organically, you do not have to worry about the contamination of the vegetables. When they grow in your backyard, you are not able to resist them, and their vitamin content will be at the highest level as you eat them straight from the garden. Thus, gardening is a simple and an easy way to promote good eating habits. Furthermore, gardening is a good outdoor exercise. Planting, weeding, watering, and harvesting require a lot of physical activity. Tending vegetable garden burns calories and uses muscles. Studies have shown that one can burn 200 to 500 calories per hour by working in the vegetable garden. The activities in the garden will give you sufficient physical exercise to keep you physically healthy and mentally alert. Finally, you will save money on groceries when you begin to stock your kitchen with fresh produce from backyard. It will help you to save money on gas you use to get to the store. To save money, you should plant smart and grow the food you like to eat. Make sure you grow a lot of vegetables that you use regularly. Since you like the salad, you should plant plenty of salad greens to save money. You can preserve the produce and enjoy the goodness of fruits and vegetables long after the harvest is over. There are four common ways to preserve foods: canning, freezing, drying, and pickling. Last year, I preserved beans, tomatoes, cucumbers, carrot and sweet corn and used for the rest of the year. You can share the extra vegetables with your friends, or sell in the fresh vegetable market. Every year I donate extra vegetables to a food pantry, and it helped me to take the tax deduction for non-cash distributions. You can save the seeds from the best produces, and use for next year. Gardening is an investment that offers a good return. For example, I have spent two dollar for one packet of green bean seeds. Once I cover the cost of soil, fertilizers, and water, I got a return of around seventy five dollars. I suggest you to start gardening as your hobby that produces positive economic return. Conclusively, vegetable gardening provides relaxation by getting a person outside and exposing to natural air. Planning a garden and caring for the garden help the person to stay healthy and save money. For all these reasons, I encourage you to choose vegetable gardening as your hobby.

Hrm Change Model

Understanding this model and Its underlying concepts therefore helps us understand why the other change models are effective in overcoming resistance to change, and in creating an environment that is conducive to permanent change. The refreezing process happens once the desired state has been reached. When the desired state Is reached, the forces that are holding this new state In equilibrium are again identified, and now reinforced or â€Å"frozen† into place through a variety of actions. 2) Action Research Model The Action Research Model has two major phases.A preliminary or preparatory phase, and then a cycle phase. * In the preliminary phase, the problem Is first Identified. It refers to the fact that something which needs to be changed, Is identified. * Consultation is then held with a behavioral science expert, for example an ODD consultant, an organizational psychologist, or someone similar who can shed light on typical causes and solutions for such a problem, based on certain existing models. This consultation leads to the planning of a method for diagnosis. Data is then gathered and analyzed, and a preliminary diagnosis is done.Therefore it does not need a 1 OFF expectation that things could be better. * The first step is therefore simply initiating an enquiry. Often, this enquiry will not be very specific. It could be a team wanting to improve in some area, or it could be an organization identifying that it needs to improve something, e. G. Profitability or market share – but it might not be sure what to change. * The services of an expert, together with research of the organization and other organizations are utilized to identify the things that the organization has done really well, in the past.It could be compared to a story telling process where organization members tell stories of the things they'd done really well. * These success stories are then analyzed to identify the organization's major strengths. Themes of strengths are then discovered. * Based on these strengths, the organization designs for itself an ideal future. The organization then designs ways to achieve that future, and implements those plans 4) General Model of Planned Change a) Entering and Contracting: The first set of activities in planned change concerns entering and contracting.Those events help managers decide whether they want to engage further in a planned change program and to commit resources to such a process. Entering an organization involves gathering initial data to understand the problems facing the organization or the positive opportunities for inquiry. Once this information is collected, the problems or opportunities are discussed with managers and other organization members to develop a contract or agreement to engage in planned change.The contract spells out future change activities, the resources that will be committed to the process, and how ODD practitioners and organization members will be involved. B) Diagnosing: In thi s stage of planned change, the client system is carefully studied. Diagnoses can . Focus on understanding organizational problems, including their causes and consequences, or on identifying the organization's positive attributes. The diagnostic process is one of the most important activities in ODD. C) Planning and Implementing Change:

65 Compound Words Ending in Stone

65 Compound Words Ending in Stone 65 Compound Words Ending in Stone 65 Compound Words Ending in Stone By Mark Nichol Dozens of compound words, all but a few closed, end with the word stone, though some of the terms have figurative senses stemming from the original meaning and a few do not refer to actual types of rock at all. Here’s a list of most if not all compound words in which stone is the second element, with accompanying definitions. 1. birthstone: a gem symbolically associated with the month of one’s birth 2. bloodstone: a type of quartz with red spots that resemble drops of blood 3. bluestone: a bluish stone used in building 4. bondstone: a stone whose length is equal to the thickness of a wall that is placed in the wall to help strengthen it 5. brimstone: a traditional word for sulfur, chiefly used in the phrase â€Å"fire and brimstone,† referring to sermons in which churchgoers are dramatically warned about hell 6. brownstone: a building stone, and a type of house commonly clad with a layer of the stone 7. capstone: a slanted stone used on the top layer of a wall to allow water to drain off the top; also, figuratively refers to a high point in one’s experience or life 8. cherrystone: a type of clam 9. clingstone: a type of fruit with flesh connected to the stone, or pit 10. cobblestone: a round stone used to pave streets 11. copestone: see capstone 12. cornerstone: a stone placed on the corner of a building, including one traditionally inscribed with the date the building was constructed; also, figuratively refers to something of fundamental importance 13. coverstone: an aggregate of minerals used to cover treated pavement 14. curbstone: a stone, or concrete, used to form a curb 15. dripstone: a stone that projects over a door or window as an awning, or a stalactite or stalagmite made of calcium carbonate 16. drystone: in British English, an adjective describing a wall constructed of stone without mortar 17. fieldstone: a stone found in a field and used for some purpose without alteration 18. firestone: another word for flint (a type of quartz once used to start fires by sparking), or any stone impervious to high heat 19. flagstone: a flat, hard stone used to make paths 20. flintstone: pieces of flint used in construction 21. flowstone: a deposit of calcite formed by water running along or over a cave’s walls or floor 22. footstone: a stone placed at the foot of a grave 23. freestone: a stone able to be cut without splitting, or a stone, or pit, of a fruit not attached to the flesh or fruit with such a pit 24. gallstone: a hard object that forms in the gallbladder 25. gemstone: a stone of such quality that it can be used in jewelry 26. gladstone: a type of suitcase 27. goldstone: a type of glass to which particles of gold-colored material are applied 28. gravestone: a stone that marks the location of a grave and is often engraved with information about that person 29. greenstone: any of various greenish stones, such as a type of jade 30. grindstone: a turning stone wheel against which hard objects such as tools are smoothed or sharpened 31. hailstone: a piece of hail 32. headstone: see gravestone 33. hearthstone: a stone forming part of a hearth, or the floor or interior of a fireplace; also, figuratively, the home 34. holystone: a sandstone used to scrub a ship’s wooden decks 35. hornstone: a type of quartz resembling brittle flint 36. inkstone: a flat stone used as a palette in Chinese art and calligraphy 37. ironstone: a type of rock in which iron is found, or a type of pottery 38. keystone: a large stone at the apex of an arch used to hold the other stones in place; also, figuratively, something on which other things depend 39. lightstone: a grayish yellow 40. limestone: a white building stone 41. lodestone: a magnetic rock 42. merestone: a stone marking a boundary or serving as a landmark 43. milestone: a stone, inscribed with the distance to a specific place, located at the side of a road; also, figuratively, an important event or point of progress 44. millstone: one of two large, round, flat stones sandwiched together and rotated to grind grain; also, figuratively, a burdensome problem or responsibility 45. moonstone: feldspar used as a gem 46. mudstone: a shale formed from consolidated mud 47. oilstone: a whetstone for use with oil 48. philosopher’s stone: an imaginary substance supposedly able to transmute metals into gold 49. pipestone: a stone used for carving into objects (including pipes for smoking tobacco) 50. potstone: a mineral used by prehistoric humans to make cooking vessels 51. rhinestone: a stone resembling a diamond used in decoration and jewelry 52. rolling stone: a figurative term for an itinerant person 53. sandstone: a soft stone made of compacted sand 54. siltstone: a rock made of compacted silt 55. snakestone: any of several types of stones said to help heal a snakebite, a type of stone used in whetstones or for polishing, or a prehistoric shelled animal also known as an ammonite 56. soapstone: a soft stone formed mostly of talc 57. stepping stone: a large, flat stone in a shallow stream that one can step on to cross the water; also, figuratively, something that one can use to achieve a goal 58. toadstone: a stone, supposedly formed inside a toad, used as a charm or as an amulet against poison 59. tombstone: see gravestone 60. touchstone: originally, a small slab of dark stone on which a soft precious metal alloy would leave a trace when the alloy was rubbed against the stone, enabling assayers to evaluate the quality of the alloy; also, figuratively, something used as the basis for judging the quality of something else 61. turnstone: one of several types of birds 62. waterstone: a grindstone or millstone moistened with water instead of oil 63. whetstone: a stone used for sharpening blades 64. whinstone: basaltic rock or similar types of rocks 65. whitestone: an imitation gemstone such as a rhinestone Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:75 Contronyms (Words with Contradictory Meanings)5 Lessons for Mixing Past and Present TenseStarting a Business Letter with Dear Mr.

Free Essays on Gambling In Arkansas

Casinos in Arkansas: It is not What They Will Do to Us, but What They Will Do for Us What could casinos do for you, whether you gambled or not? Well, NPR (National Public Radio) had a story on some Choctaw Indians that lived in Neshoba County, Ms. NPR reported that in the 1960’s the Indians were economically depressed. They were so depressed that sixty percent of them did not even have indoor plumbing. Then they open up a casino and soon another. They brought prosperity to themselves and surrounding counties. The Choctaw’s are Mississippi’s second largest employer. Iowa’s casinos provide thousands of dollars into the state. Since 1991, the RDA (Riverboat Development Authority) has awarded $33,931,755 in grants to various no-profit organizations. Education received $7,577,480 just in grants. My wife and I visited Iowa last month. You can tell that Iowa is putting their casino tax dollars to work. The streets are well maintained and wide. None of this happened overnight. The support for riverboat gambling support was sixty percent then the support raised to eighty percent in 1999. Tunica is doing so well that they have plans on opening their tenth casino. The casinos have brought more than just 320 million in gaming taxes into the state. They have brought 2.5 million in room and restaurant taxes. The casinos have brought so many jobs to Tunica that they have a shortage of workers. If casinos can provide all this prosperity for other states, why does Arkansas not have any casinos? Arkansas has a horse track in Hot Springs, and a dog track in West Memphis. Gambling is already here in Arkansas, but the Arkansas State Law states: anyone who sets up a gambling device at which money or property can be won or lost by chance, shall be deemed guilty or a misdemeanor. The way the law reads the horse tracks and dog track need to shut down, unless Arkansas does not consider them as a gambling device. However, th... Free Essays on Gambling In Arkansas Free Essays on Gambling In Arkansas Casinos in Arkansas: It is not What They Will Do to Us, but What They Will Do for Us What could casinos do for you, whether you gambled or not? Well, NPR (National Public Radio) had a story on some Choctaw Indians that lived in Neshoba County, Ms. NPR reported that in the 1960’s the Indians were economically depressed. They were so depressed that sixty percent of them did not even have indoor plumbing. Then they open up a casino and soon another. They brought prosperity to themselves and surrounding counties. The Choctaw’s are Mississippi’s second largest employer. Iowa’s casinos provide thousands of dollars into the state. Since 1991, the RDA (Riverboat Development Authority) has awarded $33,931,755 in grants to various no-profit organizations. Education received $7,577,480 just in grants. My wife and I visited Iowa last month. You can tell that Iowa is putting their casino tax dollars to work. The streets are well maintained and wide. None of this happened overnight. The support for riverboat gambling support was sixty percent then the support raised to eighty percent in 1999. Tunica is doing so well that they have plans on opening their tenth casino. The casinos have brought more than just 320 million in gaming taxes into the state. They have brought 2.5 million in room and restaurant taxes. The casinos have brought so many jobs to Tunica that they have a shortage of workers. If casinos can provide all this prosperity for other states, why does Arkansas not have any casinos? Arkansas has a horse track in Hot Springs, and a dog track in West Memphis. Gambling is already here in Arkansas, but the Arkansas State Law states: anyone who sets up a gambling device at which money or property can be won or lost by chance, shall be deemed guilty or a misdemeanor. The way the law reads the horse tracks and dog track need to shut down, unless Arkansas does not consider them as a gambling device. However, th...

Transitioning from Nonfiction to Fiction Writing

Transitioning from Nonfiction to Fiction Writing First of all, it is possible. Ernest Hemingway and William Kennedy moved from journalism; Sue Monk Kidd from memoir; and C. S. Lewis from essays and treatises. Sue Monk Kidd states that the most frequently-asked question on her book tours is, â€Å"How did you go from nonfiction to fiction?† Here are some tips and support to help you make the transition: You need to transition your reading, as well. Read your most-admired authors and new fiction authors also. Remember, C.S. Lewis says good readers read a piece more than once. Have a plan. Stagger your writing. Perhaps write fiction and nonfiction on alternate days. Or, write your fiction first, then go back to the nonfiction you’re more comfortable with once you’ve met your word count in the other. Writing fiction is a discipline for which you have been well-trained through your nonfiction deadlines. Produce five to ten pages a day faithfully! Try flash fiction first. Because it is short, it is easier to start with and there are numerous contests listed in FundsforWriters newsletter. Your nonfiction themes can find a home in your fiction. For instance, C. S. Lewis’ themes concerned Christianity which he incorporated into his fiction (Chronicles of Narnia) without being didactic or preachy. The skill sets you have developed while writing nonfiction will serve you well in fiction also. These include: 1) Attention to detail. Your descriptions of the who, what, where, why and how will help you in plotting fiction and in description. 2) Interviewing. Interview your characters on what they think about - religion, politics or an event - just as you would a source. 3) Sense of place. Your knowledge of a place garnered from nonfiction can serve you well in fiction. William Kennedy reported on Albany, NY first for the Albany Times Union and then set his cycle of Albany novels there. Readers always want to see a place with which they are familiar portrayed accurately, and your nonfiction experience of place sets you apart. 4) Journal Writing. Your journal or dream journal writing can help with both plot and productivity. This angle also falls in the category of â€Å"write what you know.† 5) Research. Nonfiction research is helpful to fiction. You’ll get that time or place right, but William Kennedy talks about the danger of research: â€Å"And so I got hooked on research, couldn’t get out from under the library’s microfilm machine until I finally realized I was doing myself a great disservice; because your imagination can’t absorb all that new material and synthesize it easily.â€Å" Finally, William Kennedy describes the difference between nonfiction and fiction: â€Å"But the journalist must report on life objectively, and the novelist must reinvent life utterly, and the work has to come up from below instead of down from the top as a journalist receives it. But experience alone will produce only commonplace novels. The real work is a blend of imagination and language.† Source for quotes: Allen, Douglas and Mona Simpson, â€Å"William Kennedy: The Art of Fiction 111,† Paris Review, Winter, 1989.

Nursing Practice over the Last Two Centuries Essay

Nursing Practice over the Last Two Centuries - Essay Example In addition, nurses stated getting profession training in nursing schools. Nurses acquired their skills through apprenticeship. While the practice enabled the nurses to handle their patients because of the knowledge they had acquired, they did not have the theoretical comparisons that they could make. In the twentieth century, nursing practice registered more changes where nurses acquired professional training as well as joining professional bodies. The setting of more nursing school has promoted standardization of the nursing practice (Mosse & Harayama, 2011). In nursing school nurses do not only learn how to handle their patients, but also how to handle social and administrative issues. Initially, nurses took a diploma or an advance diploma. The introduction of bachelor degree and masters degree programs enables nurses to embrace the most modern trend of disease analysis and patient care. The mode of practice also registered changes with many nurses combining spiritual and medical practice while attending to the patients. Other changes include information management in the nursing practice. Although the nursing practice has relied on patient information since the olden days, in twentieth century, record management was critical in nursing practice (City TownInfo. Com, 2010). Administration as well as working codes for nurses has also faced numerous changes. Some of these changes include practice methods and social approval of the practice among others. My views on BSN v ADN My views have greatly changed following the BSN course. With the advanced diploma course, I was only able to handle specific cases in nursing whereas the BSN prepared me to handle complex exercises, which nurses with advanced diploma in nursing cannot handle. For example, delivery health care may pose challenges to nurses with advance diploma. The content of information and research conducted in this area at BSN level is instrumental in handling these cases. Largely, the training covers the biological, physical, and behavioral sciences, which are critical in handling patients. While advance diploma covers most of the aforementioned areas, it tends to specialize of a given area. For instance, ADN in perioperative cases exposes the nurse to handle issues within his specialization as opposed to other areas. It is evident that specialization limits the ability of a professional to handle multitask. I believe BSN offers in depth coverage on administrative skills that

Human and animals Cloning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Human and animals Cloning - Essay Example Thus even after numerous failures in the initial stages the initial stages the scientists worked on the procedure of this vitro Fertilization process where the scientific community from the United States came to be successful with the first IVF baby that was born in 1978. However it should be stated in the same context that the US quickly banned it after the baby came out. (King, 126) The debate over cloning continued but at last non human cloning was allowed and approved in Science Congress. Dolly the sheep was cloned by the famous scientists Ian Wilmut and Keith Cambell in 1996. This was a phenomenal breakthrough in the history of microbiology and the survival of the sheep became the point of interest. However, it survived its initial complications and proved that cloning is a safe method for life forms. At the same context it should also be mentioned that the Dolly success brought in many more companies into the cloning business. The second successful experiment was Little Nicky. It has been estimated that about 87 tries were incorporated to clone Little Nicky, in which two resulted in pregnancy. Only one survived though. However, this proved that cloning was highly achievable and it was safe too. (Dev, 78-81) Logically, the next step of the scientific community was to venture into Human Cloning. But there are several arguments for and against this measure. One argument suggests that the human gene pool is more complicated that that of a sheep thus tampering with it would surely harm its contents. These people argued that the cloning of human would surely weaken the gene pool. Another group of argument suggested that cloning would be very detrimental to human health and that health risk could become a big concern in future if human cloning is allowed. (Kar, 145) There are also legal complications regarding the fact. However, in 1998 the legal authority granted the right of everyone to have a child in the famous case of Blingdon V. Abbott. (Fletcher, 188) But there are complications suggested by many quarters. There lies the chance of side effects of cloning. It is believed that LOS or large offspring syndrome develops a lot of abnormalities in a large group. Furthermore, as cloning is a process where exact DNA replications are made the method of cross breading would seize to exist. This is important as Cross breading would make people to diverse and thus develop. Then again uses of spare part organs are in scrutiny too. Many people don't believe that one should use and embryo for organs. (Deb, 323) However the aspect of Cloning in Agriculture supports the use of cloning as streamline of Clone Elites would likely lead to mass production of transgenic animals where no safe guards are put on animals once it is able to produce protein. The quality of the products would also be taken into account as in cows the quality would vary as most cows produce about 1000 gallons, but one can get cows the make 2000 gallons with cloning alongside the overall quality of most if not all food would go up. (Lamb, 243-245) This would lead to a huge profit margin and main companies in the agriculture cloning field like Biotech are already taking interest in the

Redicovering the atom, how many pennies For Chemirsty Class Lab Report

Redicovering the atom, how many pennies For Chemirsty Class - Lab Report Example It is done using a beaker of pennies and the main objective is to find the weight of one penny using the Millikan’s experiment. This is done using the principals behind the Millikan’s experiment in which Millikan was able to determine the charge of an electron by using the oil drop experiment. The experiment is to take place inside a lab and various measurements are recorded. After this the data is manipulated using Microsoft spreadsheet to get the overall mass of one penny. This is done in an experiment that looks like a game performed by 15 students. The experiment is similar to the experiment that was done by Millikan to determine the charge of one electron without knowing the number of electrons that were there in the oil drop. This experiment also finds the mass of one penny without knowing the number of pennies in the beaker. This experiment was done by 15 students who volunteered to take part in the experiment. Each student was provided with an empty beaker that was later filled with pennies. A balance is also needed to be used in measuring the weights of the can with the pennies as the experiment goes on. In the experiment, the 15 students each grab a handful of pennies without knowing the total number that they have grabbed. After grabbing the pennies, the mass of the pennies that they grabbed is measured to find the total mass of the handful. Then a table is drawn and the mass of the handful collected by the students are recorded. The masses are arranged from the largest to the smallest. Then subtract each mass from the corresponding greater mass and find the difference. After this get the smallest difference that is close to 2 and not in the range of 0.5, 0.5 and so on. After this make a table of the difference in mass of the pennies and the integers that is found. The gradient of the graph gives the mass of one penny To get the smallest number, the differences with the smallest number greater than 2 is used. Those

Case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Case Study Example This desk is responsible for giving out news reports, press release, handling media, approvals for advertisements, etc. The one window operation of interacting with media is what has been identified as a successful strategy by various marketing gurus. Consider the example of Barclays; the bank has a single media management window policy, whereby, the department is responsible for handling media related issues from press release to press conferences, from giving an employment ad in the newspaper to a product ad, everything from any department has to come to this media desk, and from there, it gets dispersed to the media. This not just ensures consistency of media management practices but also ensures that there is no misquotation of any management word in the media, since everything channelizes through this department, the statements prior to appearing in media are well modified to ensure that it complies with the given set of rules of the media desk. Another classical example is that of the FMCG firms like Unilever and P&G; if observed closely, it can be seen that the vacancy ads of these firms are highly standardized no matter which job it is for. Additionally, the product advertisements are also very standardized for the fact that the points that they should cover, the disclaimers, etc. This clearly indicates that the firm has a specialized advertising desk that is responsible for ensuring that certain particular ingredients are present in all ads that are given out by the respective firms. For any newer firm entering a particular business, it should be known media is a tremendous resource if utilized appropriately. Its utilization truly depends on how it is tackled by the firm. A business should establish a media desk whereby it is responsible for tackling all media affairs. As mentioned in the example of Barclays, a specialized media desk is effective for businesses because they create a relationship with media activities and their constant

Women in Antebellum America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Women in Antebellum America - Essay Example Women acquired superiority in social matters, and their voice would thus be heard. Regarding the introduction of education for women, many women joined learning institutions to acquire relevant information which would enable, better their lives. The education provides to women enabled them rear their children properly as well as providing significance influence to their husbands. The same reasoning lead to the opening up of the teaching profession suitable for females since they were considered having moral superiority over men and were innately fit to handle children. The piety morality of women, as well as concern over families, presents the impetus into the involvement in antebellum movements’ reform. Additionally, education gave women the capacity to articulate problems they face, and eventually propose necessary alternatives. Reforms provided women with necessary ideologies, which facilitated the, establishment of this cause. More conservative work charity attracted the upper classes’ members; more radical functions including abolitionism, helped draw men and women from social groups of lower levels. However, reformers of a working -class indicated less integration to such movements. Despite the fact that women suffered divisions from religion affiliation, class, and marital status, they indicated uniqueness in mind in the capacity to help others, a concept which was translated into women’s moral superiority overpowering men. The concept of moral superiority boosted efforts to raise women’s political, economic, and legal position. Women, as well, contributed to the economy of the nation through taxation exercised on their earnings, given that their population was significantly high. The impact of religion was also evident in the history of American woman. The Divine Word (The Bible) puts it, â€Å"The wise women buildeth her house.† The implication of the wisdom in this

Case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Case Study Example This desk is responsible for giving out news reports, press release, handling media, approvals for advertisements, etc. The one window operation of interacting with media is what has been identified as a successful strategy by various marketing gurus. Consider the example of Barclays; the bank has a single media management window policy, whereby, the department is responsible for handling media related issues from press release to press conferences, from giving an employment ad in the newspaper to a product ad, everything from any department has to come to this media desk, and from there, it gets dispersed to the media. This not just ensures consistency of media management practices but also ensures that there is no misquotation of any management word in the media, since everything channelizes through this department, the statements prior to appearing in media are well modified to ensure that it complies with the given set of rules of the media desk. Another classical example is that of the FMCG firms like Unilever and P&G; if observed closely, it can be seen that the vacancy ads of these firms are highly standardized no matter which job it is for. Additionally, the product advertisements are also very standardized for the fact that the points that they should cover, the disclaimers, etc. This clearly indicates that the firm has a specialized advertising desk that is responsible for ensuring that certain particular ingredients are present in all ads that are given out by the respective firms. For any newer firm entering a particular business, it should be known media is a tremendous resource if utilized appropriately. Its utilization truly depends on how it is tackled by the firm. A business should establish a media desk whereby it is responsible for tackling all media affairs. As mentioned in the example of Barclays, a specialized media desk is effective for businesses because they create a relationship with media activities and their constant

Should Films and Computer Games with Violence be Restricted Essay - 1

Should Films and Computer Games with Violence be Restricted - Essay Example Today this has changed a very large amount when you considers the sorts of computer games and movies that are out now. Games such as Grand Theft Auto are made so users can participate in car theft and murder. Movies like Die Hard show violence as a glorious thing. With these changes in subject matter, a growing amount of people have come to argue that there should be restrictions on computer games and violence. This essay examines this question through an examination of opinions both in favor and against restrictions on film and computer game violence before ultimately arguing that there should be a level of restrictions on violent video games and films. One of the biggest arguments that says restrictions on games and movies should be made is that the violence in these games and films has a desensitizing effects on the viewers and game players. There are lots of different views on this issue. I think probably the most convincing views use psychology in their arguments. For example, Dill (2000) says that people that watch lots of violent movies and play lots of violent games are affected because they â€Å"â€Å"provide a forum for learning and practicing aggressive solutions to conflict situations† and there is the understanding that such violence â€Å"appears to affect aggression by priming aggressive thoughts. Longer-term effects are likely to be longer lasting as well, as the player learns and practices new aggression-related scripts that can become more and more accessible for use when real-life conflict situations arise." If these statements are true then they are very powerful. The argument is saying that by particip ating in violent video games and films, participants are actually able to rehearse how they will act in violent or criminal ways. This perspective is not far-fetched when one considers that violent films often have the viewer to identify with a protagonist who is willing to

Instructional strategies for ELL classrooms Essay Example for Free

Instructional strategies for ELL classrooms Essay Second language acquisition is different from learning one’s first language. Second language learners have different instructional needs. As such teachers of English Language Learners (ELLs) must apply a distinct set of instructional strategies and techniques in order to aid students in their English language learning. A clear understanding of the instructional strategies that must be used in ELL classroom requires an analysis of the concept of second language acquisition. In order to be effective, teachers must consider the theory of second language acquisition and see to it that the principles of this theory are realized in his instruction. Stephen Krashen’s theory of Second Language Acquisition provides hypotheses as to how learners learn a second language. One of such hypotheses is the Acquisition-Learning Hypothesis. The hypothesis stated that there are two independent systems at work in second language performance, the acquired system and the learned system. According to Krashen (1988), the acquired system or acquisition is produced by a subconscious process. This process is very similar to a process that the learner underwent when he learned his first language. This system requires the learner to be immersed in the target language. He must have meaningful interaction in the said language. According to Schutz (2007) the learner must engage in natural communication, â€Å"In which speakers are concentrated not in the form of their utterances, but in the communicative act. † The second system, the learned system is produced by formal instruction. Schutz (2007) states, â€Å"It comprises a conscious process which results in conscious knowledge about the language, for example knowledge of grammar rules. † This hypothesis tells language teachers to ensure that the learner engages himself in the target language in a natural way. This requires communicative elements of instruction from the teacher. At the same time, the teacher must ensure that formal instruction is provided as well. It is this combination that enhances English language learning. The principles of this theory are reflected in the instructional strategies that have been developed for second language learning. Instructional practices that aim to make content more comprehensible for ELLs are called sheltered instruction. (Wallace, 2004) One model of sheltered instruction is called the Sheltered Instruction Observation Protocol (SIOP). The SIOP provides teachers with a lesson planning checklist. It contains thirty components that guide the teacher on how to go about the lesson. The SIOP is highly effective for it is based on research and has been field-tested. More importantly, the SIOP was not tailor made for any particular proficiency level or age group of English language learners. According to Wallace (2004), â€Å"The thirty components of the SIOP lesson-planning checklist can be used with any curriculum or program, for students at any age or level of English proficiency. Experienced teachers recognize the SIOP components as effective teaching strategies for all students. † The SIOP has several components that aid English language teaching. One of this is comprehensible input. This component requires instructors to speak in a way that will meet the learners’ proficiency level. Also, the teacher must explain clearly the tasks involved. This involves a step-by-step discussion of the task. Visuals can also help the teacher explain better the task. Finally, Haynes (n. d) states that comprehensible input requires teachers to, â€Å"Use of a variety of techniques to make content concepts clear. † The use of modeling, hands-on materials, demonstrations, and gestures are some of the techniques that a teacher can utilize in order to make the concepts clearer and more understandable for the students. The SIOP model also emphasizes the concept of building on the students’ backgrounds. What this means is that the teacher must attempt to link the concepts being taught to students’ experiences. Also, the teacher must try to relate the new concepts to what the students have learned previously. The clear explanation of key vocabulary must also be made. The teacher must pinpoint the key terms that are vital to the students’ understanding of the most important concepts in the lesson. The explanations must be simple and demonstrations of the contextual use of the terms must be made. Using synonyms and cognates are also useful ways to convey the contextual meaning of the terms. Building vocabulary is essential in language teaching. According to Echevarria et al (2004), â€Å"There is a strong correlation between vocabulary knowledge and student achievement. † There are several strategies that a teacher can employ to help students build their vocabulary. Vocabulary self-selection is one of these strategies. This strategy requires students to select on their own the vocabulary that they deem as essential to their understanding of the concepts of the lesson. This strategy allows students to choose the most appropriate key vocabulary. This strategy is highly effective for more advanced learners. For children, one way to build vocabulary is through the use of songs. Visuals can also aid vocabulary development. The concept definition map is one visual that provides a means by which complex concepts can be discussed and clarified. Another important component of the SIOP is grouping. Peer instruction is highly effective. However, the teacher must ensure that he varies grouping structures. According to Echevarria et al (2004), â€Å"Effective classes are characterized by a variety of grouping structures. † Furthermore, in one day, at least two grouping structures must be utilized. (Echevarria et al, 2004) Varying grouping structures from day to day must be made for in order to keep students interested and to increase student involvement. Grouping configurations must be varied not only based on the structure but also based on the characteristics of students. The groups must be heterogeneous in the sense that students in a group vary in terms of gender, language proficiency, and ability. This brings up the next valuable component of the SIOP model, student engagement. Students must be constantly engaged throughout the lesson. The students must remain active all throughout the lesson. The teacher must ensure that he talks far less than the students. Engaging the students can mean utilizing various activities. Grouping students, as earlier mentioned, increases student involvement. The teacher must provide various opportunities for the students to apply what they are being taught. The must be involved in constant interaction either with their peers or with the teacher. When delivering the lesson, the teacher must see to it that students get to practice all the language skills, speaking, writing, listening, and reading. According to Bilingual and Compensatory Education Resource Team (2002), â€Å"Effective teachers strive to provide a more balanced linguistic exchange between themselves and their students—ELL students need the practice in speaking. † Furthermore, â€Å"When students spend their time actively engaged in activities that relate strongly to the materials they will be tested on, they learn more of the material. † (Bilingual and Compensatory Education Resource Team, 2002) The importance of constant student engagement cannot be stressed enough. Teachers must always provide activities that promote student interaction and participation. Another important component of the SIOP model that is essential in English language teaching is feedback. Teachers must give students immediate feedback on their work. Immediate feedback from the teacher lets students know if they are on the right track. Feedback also allows teachers to clarify concepts and correct misconceptions of students. Feedback can be given in a formal or informal manner. In correcting students’ works such as essays or exams, the teacher can write their feedback. They can identify the points that the students must work on. Also, teachers can provide informal feedback. Teachers can provide oral feedback and support this by facial expressions or body language. For instance, a nod from the teacher lets the student know that what he is doing is correct. A smile also lets the student know that he is doing well. A puzzled look lets the student know that something is not right with what he is saying or with what he is doing. The ways by which feedback is given can depend on the age group and proficiency level of the class as well. For young students and beginners, oral feedback is more appropriate. At this age and level, students may find it hard to understand written feedback. For older and more advanced students, written feedback may be of more use since teachers will be able provide a more detailed and specific feedback. The SIOP model is one of the many approaches to second language teaching. It can cater to various ages and language groups. Using such model allows the teacher to adjust the lesson to the students’ level and age. This model provides various strategies that can be used in ELL classrooms. Using the model, ELL teachers can provide better instruction that will lead to the development of their students’ English language skills. References Bilingual and Compensatory Education Resource Team. (2002).Making Content Comprehensible for English Language Learners—SIOP Model- SHELTERED INSTRUCTION— for Academic Achievement. Dearborn Public Schools. Retrieved 2 December 2007 from: http://www. misd. net/bilingual/ELL. pdf. Echevarria, J. , Vogt, M. , Short, D.(2004) Making Content Comprehensible for English Learners: The SIOP Model (Second Edition). Needham Hts. , MA: Allyn and Bacon. Krashen, S. (1988). Second Language Acquisition and Second Language Learning. Prentice-Hall International. Schutz, R. (2007). Stephen Krashens Theory of Second Language Acquisition. English Made in Brazil. Retrieved 2 December 2007 from: http://www. sk. com. br/sk-krash. html. Wallace, S. (2004). Effective Instructional Strategies for English Language Learners in Mainstream Classrooms. New Horizons for Learning. Retrieved 2 December 2007 from: http://www. newhorizons. org/spneeds/ell/wallace. htm.

Research Analysis: Acceptance of Non-Abstinence Goals

Research Analysis: Acceptance of Non-Abstinence Goals Aaron Glogowski Dr. Michael E. Dunn Davis, A. K., Rosenberg H. (2013). Acceptance of Non-Abstinence Goals by Addiction Professionals in the United States. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 27(4), 1102-1109. doi: 10.1037/a0030563 Alan K. Davis and Harold Rosenberg have observed some formerly unexpected results from the use of drugs and alcohol recreationally. While the effects of excessive drug and alcohol use have been monitored and proven to be unsafe and unhealthy, recent studies have shown that a controlled use of them, otherwise referred to as non-abstinence, may bring several health benefits. Addiction professionals specializing in substance use disorders (SUD) are beginning to open their eyes to new alternatives of drug therapy for their patients. While many of these views are controversial among the professional world, many clinicians and doctors are starting to turn to the idea of non-abstinence in an attempt to help their patients more in the long term, by giving them short term goals that are easier for them to achieve. In this article, Davis and Rosenberg have catalogued their findings from a study that they conducted on the changing attitudes and ideals of professionals in many different clinical fields, in regards to the practice and implementation of non-abstinence. Davis and Rosenberg conducted their study based on previous surveys that they found that had been created to determine people’s opinions on the idea of non-abstinence. They asked the participants about how acceptable they thought it would be to administer a suggestion of non-abstinence to patients in eight different categories. They divided these categories based on the type of substance use disorder, as well as the severity of the problem and the intended final result from the practice. All of the survey respondents were then asked (using the eight categories from the previous question) to give a proportion of patients whom they had prescribed a non-abstinence procedure to. They gave proportions in increments of 25%, from none to 100%. After this, the participants were asked to rate its acceptability in different clinical settings. The survey was concluded with questions about the personal history of the respondents, such as their work environment, and whether or not they had any past history with substance abuse. The survey respondents were mostly Caucasian members of the National Association of Alcoholism and Drug Addiction Counselors, and over half of them had previous experience with a substance use disorder. The results appeared to be in favor of non-abstinence being used as a mid-term goal on the way to giving up drug abuse, however, only 32% of respondents said it was acceptable to use non-abstinence as an end-goal. When the issue came to alcohol abuse however, 51% agreed that non-abstinence was an acceptable end-goal. On the other hand, when it came to drug or alcohol dependence, far fewer participants agreed with non-abstinence as a procedure. The participants ranked non-abstinence acceptability for drug dependence as 27% for an intermediate procedure, and 15% for an end-goal. They found very similar results with alcohol dependence, at 28% and 16% respectively. No matter what type of drug or severity of the problem, Davis and Rosenberg’s participants seemed to disagree with non-abstinence more often than agree with it. At least half said that they would not consider non-abstinence as a procedure in any case, regardless of the situation. Most of the respondents who were against non-abstinence thought it was ineffective, or it did not agree with the treatment philosophy that they had laid out for themselves. Some other reasons why participants disagreed with non-abstinence included things such as a fear for a medical condition that a patient could have, or worries over the legality of the substance that was being used, or the context in which the patient would be using it (such as underage drinking, or drug use in a stressful work environment). Another key player in the determination of the acceptability of non-abstinence procedures was the environment in which professionals would be recommending the procedure. In both rehab and detoxification programs, the majority of survey participants found it to be a completely unacceptable treatment, with unacceptability ratings at 74% and 68% respectively. However, outpatient programs, DUI/DWI education programs, and independent practices saw significantly better results in terms of acceptability, with unacceptability ratings at 57%, 45%, and 28% respectively. Davis and Rosenberg also observed various characteristics of their respondents to determine whether there was any correlation between those factors and their acceptance of non-abstinence programs. They found that participants who had history with alcohol or drug related issues tended to disagree with non-abstinence programs more than those who had no history with drugs and alcohol, however, the variation was so small that it was deemed insignificant. In observing the results of their study, Davis and Rosenberg noticed some outside circumstances in relation to their topic of discussion. They realized in conducting the surveys that there was a possibility of bias, especially in regards to whether or not the addiction professional was willing to work with the client. They found that some professionals were simply unwilling to work with clients who were attempting to continue taking drugs or alcohol in moderation. These professionals were less likely to accept the possibility of non-abstinence treatments. These same professionals also accepted the fact that some of their clients may resort to non-abstinence procedures anyway, even if they didn’t prescribe or condone the procedure. Davis and Rosenberg’s study, when compared with previous studies on the subject, found that American addiction professionals had become more accepting of non-abstinence in terms of drinking than they had been 20 years prior. The amount of participants who rated non-abstinence as an acceptable mid-goal for alcohol abusers is twice as many as 20 years before their survey. Davis and Rosenberg claim that the increase in acceptance could be due to several factors, including an understanding of non-abstinence as a potential method for reducing long-term harm, and a reduction of total abstinence, or the 12-step program. Other regions still appear to be more accepting of non-abstinence in general, whether it is for a mid-goal or an end-goal. From previous studies, Rosenberg found that the United Kingdom had over an 80% acceptance rate of non-abstinence for alcohol abusers, and a 68% mid-goal as well as a 50% end-goal for alcohol dependence. Overall, even though America is slowly becoming more accepting of non-abstinence, they still have a long way to go before they reach the United Kingdom’s acceptance level. Davis and Rosenberg realize that their study may be skewed by outside factors, such as the study being a web-based study, or an inherent bias with the way that questions were asked. With regard to the outliers, Davis and Rosenberg conclude their study with notice for those practicing non-abstinence as it is becoming more common, especially in outpatient or independent practices. Everyday Use, Alice Walker | Symbolism And Characters: Everyday Use, Alice Walker | Symbolism And Characters: In the story Everyday Use, Alice Walker uses a detailed description to help describe the symbolism of the unique and highly valued quilts, as well as, contrasting the characters throughout the story. The quilts stand as a specific symbol and as more than just a creative piece of artwork throughout the story. According to an article written by Sam Whitsitt, the quilt, itself, represents the history and tradition that binds the African culture to the past and the past to the present (Whitsitt, 445). The quilts helps portray the theme of African American heritage throughout the story and binds Mamas ancestors and her heritage altogether. The quilts signify the bond between each generation and the impact they have on each main character in the story, which include Mama, Dee and Maggie. Walkers usage of the quilts throughout the story also helps demonstrate the differences between each of the characters. The quilts are the main focus in the story that brings out the characters true person alities and shows the differences in those personalities. Throughout the story Everyday Use by Alice Walker, the quilts help portray the unique cultural symbolism of the African culture and the way they view quilting, as well as, illustrating the differences of the main characters in the story. In the story, quilting is used as a symbol to signify the African American past. The quilts are a primary symbol that stands for the ties of heritage and the distinctive culture of Mamas family. According to an article written by Claudia Tate, Barbara T. Christian, the person who showcases the corpus of Walkers works and the traditions of African-American literature, explains that Walker articulates the metaphor of quilting to represent the creative legacy that African Americans have inherited from their maternal ancestors (Tate, 308). Quilting is part of the African American past and travels from generation to generation. According to an article written by David Cowart, the quilt that Dee, or Wangero Leewanika Kemanjo, fights over links her generation to previous generations and, therefore, the quilt is shown to represent the African American past (Cowart, 171). There are many types of unique patterns in the quilts that Mama and Dee are disputing over. According to Whitsitts article , many African American quilters employ large, often abstract designs, the use of these different designs shows the uniqueness of the quilt (Whitsitt, 454). The patterns in the quilts represent the African American past and Mamas heritage. In both of them were scraps of dresses Grandma Dee had worn fifty and more years ago. Bits and pieces of Grandpa Jattells Paisley shirts. And one teeny faded blue piece, about the size of a penny matchbox, that was from Great Grandpa Ezras uniform that he wore in the Civil War (Walker, 113). The use of these different types of patterns in the quilts symbolizes the history of Mamas family and the creativeness they had. The precious materials used in making the quilts represent the culture and the high value they each contain. The fabric that is used in the making of the quilts shows Mamas unique culture and the love her family has for their culture. The work Mama, Grandma Dee, and Big Dee put into the quilts show their strong African American herit age and background. In the African American culture many quilts travel from generation to generation to show ones familys culture and where they came from (Cowart, 171). The quilts Dee and Mama are fighting over are to be traveled from generation to generation, also, to help keep the culture alive. The quilts play a major role in the family because of the prestigious heritage they each contain. They help show the distinctive African heritage and special cultural symbolism. The quilt ties everything, heritage included, together. As the quilts are passed down the familys history and culture is past down, also, which makes the quilts play a special role in the African American culture. The quilts made by Mama, Grandma Dee and Big Dee are not only used as a symbol throughout the story but are shown as objects that the African American culture keeps in reserve because of the value the they contain (Whitsitt, 455). The quilts contain a historic value because of the creativeness that was put into making them. As Patricia Mainardi notes in Whitsitts article, many inhabitants of the African culture who make the quilts sign them and date them to show the high value they contain and also put a list in their will of who should inherit the quilts they make once they pass away (Whitsitt, 455). The quilts have a specific value and are treated with much care because of the strong culture they uphold. Throughout the story Mama and Maggie distinguish the quilts as more than just a piece of artwork, instead they see them as something to treasure in remembrance of loved ones. According to Whitsitts article, the quilt represents those values of things which do not circulate, do not wander, do not gel traded or sold but, rather, stay at home (Whitsitt, 454). They value them because the quilts remind them of their beloved relatives, such as Grandma Dee and Big Dee. The quilts portray a high value throughout the story and because of this high value Mama promises the quilt to Maggie for when she marries (Whitsitt, 455). Mama wants to give Maggie the quilts because of the history they each contain and because Mama wants the quilts to be utilized in everyday use. If the quilts were to be hung on the wall, like Dee wanted to do to preserve the African American heritage, then the true culture wouldnt be shown. On the other hand, if the quilt was put to everyday use, like Maggie would do with the quilt, then the African heritage would be shown and kept alive because it was being put to use. Mama wants to give Maggie the quilts for that reason. Mama knows Maggie will preserve the quilts and put them to everyday use to remember her ancestors and their families history and culture. Throughout the story the quilt not only shows symbolism and value but also helps in contrasting each character. According to the article by Susan Farrell, Dee is seen throughout the story as shallow, condescending, and manipulative, as well as, overly concerned with style, fashion, and aesthetics, and thus as lacking a true understanding of her heritage (Farrell, 179). Mama remembers Dee as a fearless girl who, unlike herself, would always look anyone in the eyes. Hesitation was not part of her nature (Farrell, 181). Dee is seen throughout the story as very different then Mama and Maggie because she is very selfish and demanding (Farrell, 181). Maggie, on the other hand, was the complete opposite of her sister. Maggie, throughout the story, was seen as the quiet and timid child with no characteristics that related to her sister. In Farrells article, she states that most readers see Mama and Maggie as having a true sense of heritage as opposed to Dees false or shallow understanding of the past (Farrell, 183). Mama and Maggie are seen throughout the story as wanting to cherish their heritage by keeping the quilts to use, as well as, to remember loved ones. Dee, on the other hand, sees the quilts as something that should be kept in reserve and to hang on the wall as a unique piece of artwork. Maggies moderation in the story contrasts with Dees courage (Farrell, 183). When Dee says that Maggie would ruin the quilts by putting them to everyday use, and that hanging the quilts would be the only way to preserve them, Maggie, like somebody used to never winning anything, or having anything reserved for her, meekly replies: She can have them, Mama, I can member Grandma Dee without the quilts(Farrell, 183-184). Once this occurs, Mama acts in a different manner than she has before. She sees Maggie standing with her hands hidden in her skirt and says: When I looked at her like that something hit me in the top of my head and ran down to the soles of my feet. Just like when Im in church and the spirit of God touches me and I get happy and shout (Farrell, 184). This powerful feeling causes Mama to do something she never had done before; she snatched the quilts out of Dees hands and dumped them into Maggies lap(Farrell, 184). This scene in the story is the only part where Mama acts differently than before. Instead of acting like the patient Maggie, Mama begins to act more like Dee, with her refusal to back down and her motivation to stand up for herself (Farrell, 184). The quilt in the story acts as a way to contrast the characters and show their different personalities. Throughout the story, the quilts symbolize and show the value of the African American culture, as well as, acting in a way to show the differences between the main characters in Everyday Use. The quilts play a major role in Everyday Use and are mentioned throughout the entire story. The quilts have an impact on each character throughout the story, and they help in contrasting each character and showing symbolism of the African American culture. The mentioning of the quilts display the importance of the African American heritage and the true value it has on Mama, Maggie, and Dee. Dee is shown wanting the quilts to just hang on the wall and show their unique culture from afar. In actuality, the quilt is shown as a symbol of the African American heritage and importance of remembering loved ones. The remembrance of Mamas ancestors will also be preserved forever with the use of the quilt in everyday life. The values of the quilts are shown as a way to remember the loved ones who helped in the making of them and also of Mamas ancestors. The quilts portray the unique cultural bond between Mamas ancestors and her heritage. The quilt binds Mamas ancestors and the value of her heritage together and shows the impact the quilt has on her, Maggie and Dee. The quilt brings out the diverse personalities of Mama, Maggie and Dee throughout the story and the different views they have on their heritage, as well as, the actions they each take. With the usage of the quilts, the distinction between each character is shown, as well as, the unique cultural symbolism throughout the entire story.