The basics of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 492 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/07/12 Category Religion Essay Level High school Tags: Christianity Essay Islam Essay Judaism Essay Did you like this example? Judaism, Christianity, and Islam are all very captivating world religions. They all are monotheistic religions. This means all of them figure that there is only one God. Well discuss their origins, beliefs about how to live life, and their beliefs on the afterlife. Judaism has been around for 3,800 years and its most important book is called the Torah. Jewish people worship in a synagogue on Friday and Saturdays. Jewish origins come from Abraham, a faithful follower of God who was promised that he would have many children of all nations. Jewish beliefs are somewhat like Christianity which include things such as, God is eternal, the dead will be resurrected, and the messiah will come. These beliefs are the ones that are similar to Christianity, but one difference is that Jews think that Jesus was just a prophet on Earth, but Christians believe that Jesus is the messiah and is Gods son. Jesus was a teacher from Nazareth who told people about God, and did many miracles for people. Jews do believe that there is an afterlife, heaven or hell, and that the good will go to heaven and the bad will go to hell. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The basics of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam" essay for you Create order Christianity actually originated from Judaism, but it focuses on Jesuss life and his teachings. Their main book and belief system comes from the Bible, and they worship in a building called a church on Sundays. Christians believe that Jesus is the son of God and came to Earth as a baby boy to later save the world from sin, or wrongdoings. Christians also believe in the trinity, or God the Father, God the son, and God the Holy Spirit. The trinity is basically a belief that God, Jesus, and the Holy Spirit are all the same but come in different forms. Christians also believe in life after death. They trust that the people who have faith in God will go to heaven, and that people who dont know him go to hell. To conclude, christians think that Jesus is Gods son, the trinity is real, and in heaven and hell exist. Islam is based on the teachings of the prophet, Muhammed. They worship in a mosque on Fridays. The Quran is their holiest book and its said that it was given by God through the angel Gabriel to the prophet Muhammad. Islams believe in one God, or Allah. Muslims trust in some of these major points: they trust in prophets, and angels, and dont think Jesus was the son of God, but only an important prophet. Muslims believe in the Five Pillars of Islam, which are declaration of faith, ritual prayer, alms tax, fasting, and making a pilgrimage to the Holy City. In summary, muslims think that there is one God, Jesus wasnt Gods son, and to practice the Five Pillars of Islam. To summarize, these religions are surprisingly similar but each have their own unique beliefs and traits. These are the basics of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.

Ikea and Human Resource Practices in China - 3703 Words

Contents 1 Introduction 2 1.1 History 2 1.2 Vision 2 1.3 Business idea 2 1.4 The human resource idea 2 1.5 Limitations 2 2 Empirics 3 2.1 IKEA’s presence in the global market 3 2.2 IKEA going global 4 2.3 Managing foreign establishments 5 2.4 IKEA in China 6 2.4.1 Duplication system 6 2.4.2 Training 6 2.4.3 Vacant positions 6 2.4.4 Social Responsibilities 7 2.4.5 Staffing 8 3 Analysis amp; Discussion 10 4 Conclusions 13 5 References 14 5.1 Articles 14 5.2 Internet 14 5.3 Company material 14 1 Introduction 1.1 History IKEA was founded in Sweden in 1962 by Ingvar Kamprad at the low age of 17. The letters in IKEA is an acronym of Ingvar Kamprad, Elmtaryd (the old spelling of the farm where he†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ And how can moves abroad be achieved without personally affecting my family and me in a financially devastating way?† The answer was according to Torekull to establish a double command structure consisting of â€Å"the spirit† that takes care of the IKEA concept and â€Å"the hand† that manages the operation. Thus, the IKEA group of companies is a bit complicated. The parent company is INGKA Holding B.V., which is owned by Stitching INGKA Foundation in the Netherlands. Established by Ingvar Kamprad in 1982, the purpose was to create an ownership structure that and organization that stand for independence and focusing on a long-term time orientation. The IKEA group franchises the IKEA concept to all the stores worldwide. This is managed by Inter IKEA Systems B.V. in the Netherlands. (Fundinguniverse.com, a) Figure 2. Structure of the IKEA Group of Companies. Source: Welcome Inside – Yearly summary FY 2010 IKEA Group. 2.3 Managing foreign establishments Von Krogh and Cusumano (2002) describe IKEA’s going abroad strategies as a duplication strategy. This is also accordingly with Kamprad’s vision of retaining the concept and organization culture. Moreover, they mention that IKEA used to hire managers that often were Swedish or at least familiar with the Swedish language.Show MoreRelatedHrm Ikea China4135 Words   |  17 PagesInternational Human Resource Management Policies Changes due to a new subsidiary in China of a MNE The Case IKEA 1 IHRM: A Key Factor For Success Of A MNE – An Introduction 1.1 The three components of IHRM – a description 1.2 Key elements concerning IHRM – the details 1.2.1 Recruitment 1.2.2 Training and Development 1.2.3 Performance measurement 1.2.4 Compensation 2 The expansion of a Swedish MNE to China – an example 2.1 Sweden and China – a comparison 2.2 The â€Å"IKEA way† – anRead MoreThe Factors and Functions and Management in IKEA3054 Words   |  12 Pagesorganizations resources in order to accomplish the goals of that policy. In other contexts, management in business and organizations means to coordinate the efforts of people to achieve objectives using current resources effectively and efficiently. Management comprises of leading or directing staffing, planning, organizing, and controlling an organization or initiative to achieve their goals. Resourcing encompasses the deployment and control of technological resources, natural resources, human resourcesRead MoreGlobalization : A Global Organization1710 Words   |  7 Pagesglobal presence successfully and others have been faced with many challenges. Companies that are operating globally have successfully cultivated a global mindset by opening themselves to cultural diversity and being prepared to adopt successful practices wherever they come from (Gupta, 1999). Now that many organizations have realized that the consumer market is growing all around the world and competition is no long in one single country, it is imperative they develop a global mindset . The conceptRead MoreCase Study : Supply Chain Business Operations1549 Words   |  7 PagesBusiness Operations - IKEA Members: 1.Williams, Lisa 300-810-065 Date submitted: August 16th 2015 â€Æ' IKEAS Corporate Social Responsibility Strategy IKEA’s social responsibility and sustainability is continuing to grow and progress according to Chief Sustainability Officer, Steve Howard. IKEA wants their business to have a positive impact on the world so they have implemented a strategy called the People Planet Positive strategy which focuses on 3 areas (IKEA Group, 2014). The firstRead MoreCase Study Jysk1656 Words   |  7 PagesOutline 3 2. Value Chain 4 2.1.1 Primary activities 4 2.1.2 Support Activities 5 2.2 Conclusion 5 3. Segmentation, targeting and positioning 6 3.1 Market Research 6 3.1.1Market research method 7 3.1.2Data Collection 7 3.2. Conclusion 7 4. Human Resource Management 8 1. Outline Internal To understand Jysk’s strenghts and weaknesses, Michel Porter’s Value chain analysis will be made. In order to conduct value chain analysis, the company is split into primary and support activities. It would haveRead MoreCase Study Jysk1666 Words   |  7 PagesValue Chain 4 2.1.1 Primary activities 4 2.1.2 Support Activities 5 2.2 Conclusion 5 3. Segmentation, targeting and positioning 6 3.1 Market Research 6 3.1.1Market research method 7 3.1.2Data Collection 7 3.2. Conclusion 7 4. Human Resource Management 8 1. Outline Internal To understand Jysk’s strenghts and weaknesses, Michel Porter’s Value chain analysis will be made. In order to conduct value chain analysis, the company is split into primary and support activities. It wouldRead MoreIkea China Marketing Analysis5728 Words   |  23 PagesInternational Marketing Report of IKEA in Chinese Market [pic] 12BSP040 INTERNATIONAL MARKETING School of Business and Economics 2013. 04. 22 Contents 1. Executive Summary 1 2. Introduction 2 3. Internationalization 3 4. Foreign Market Segmentation and Targeting 5 5. Environmental Analysis 7 5.1 Strengths 7 5.2 Weakness 8 5.3 Opportunities 9 5.4 Threats 10 6. International Marketing Objectives 11 7. Foreign Market Entry Strategy 12 8. Product/Read MoreIkea at a Glance26682 Words   |  107 PagesThe Never Ending Job Sustainability Report 09 IKEA AT * A GLANCE * fINANCIAL yEAR 2009 (1 September 2008 to 31 August 2009) SALES PER REGION THE IKEA GROUP opened 15 new stores last year and in August 2009 had 267 stores, which welcomed a total of 590 million visitors during the year. A further 34 stores are owned and run by franchisees outside the IKEA Group. For an up-to-date list of all IKEA Group stores, please visit: www.ikea.com ââ€"   Asia and Australia 5% ââ€"   North America 15%Read MoreStrategic Analysis of IKEA3947 Words   |  16 PagesStrategic Analysis of IKEA Laura Burns 11027915 Executive Summary This report is a strategic analysis of Swedish home furnishing giant, IKEA. The report gives an overview of corporate strategy, using Ansoff’s matrix as a tool for analysis, allowing us to see how IKEA have developed their strategy. The business strategy is then discussed using Porter’s five forces model as a tool for external analysis. Internal analysis can be identified using either the value chain or the resource based view, thisRead MoreIkea Porters 5 Forces6535 Words   |  27 PagesCompany History: Based in Denmark, IKEA International A/S is one of the world s top retailers of furniture, home furnishings, and housewares. The company designs its own items, and sells them in the more than 140 IKEA stores that are spread throughout approximately 30 different countries worldwide. The company also peddles its merchandise through mail-order, distributing its thick catalogs once a year in the areas surrounding its store locations. IKEA is characterized by its efforts to offer high-quality

Event Management of Olympic 2014 Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Event Management of Olympic 2014. Answer: The analysis of event life cycle stages: The following section delves into the event life cycle stages of 2014 Winter Olympic Games held in Sochi, Russia. The Olympic Games held in Russia is often considered as the most expensive Olympic event in the history(International Olympic Committee. 2017). The life cycle of the event can be analysed into three distinct stages, which are as follows: The Formation stage of the Sochis Winter Olympics: The formation stage of the Olympic Games 2014 started in 2007 when the International Olympic Committee (IOC) selected Sochi, Russia as the next Olympic venue over Salzburg, Austria and Pyeongchang, South Korea. This next stage in the formation of the event consisted of allocating funds to the international event. The government is estimated to have allocated USD 49.5 billion towards the event. An analysis of an event of this scale shows that forming of infrastructure is very crucial to successful execution of the event. It is estimated that out of $ 49.5 billion only $10.8 billion was used towards the main event while the rest of the amount was spent to make infrastructure and other facilities(Scott 2015). This winning of the bidding of Russia and the subsequent allocation of funds towards the Olympic Games 2014 led to the next stage of the event, the growth stage. This stage is primarily building of infrastructures and various initiatives by the government of Russia to promote the O lympics 2014(Mller 2014) The growth stage of the Sochis Winter Olympics: The growth stage of the Olympic Games 2014 can be broadly be analysed into three stages namely, selection of venue, marketing of the event and construction of infrastructure. The three stages are analysed as under: Selection of venues: The venues selected were Sochi Olympic Park and the Krasnaya Polyana(Mountain cluster). The authorities first studied the climatic conditions of the various Russian places and selected Sochi due to its favourable climatic conditions. The authorities declared the smoking illegal in the region to maintain healthy environment required for the Olympic Games. They constructed several arenas in each venue dedicated to various events like ceremonies, ice hockey and figure skating. The authorities also arranged for the spectators to stay in the venues and watch the matches(BBC News. 2017). Marketing of the events: Logo and Branding: The Russian authorities launched the emblem of the Olympic 2014 in the year 2009. The emblem was minimalistic and futuristic and had Sochi and 2014 facing each other. An analysis of this decision of the authorities shows that it represented the diversity of the relief of Sochi. The emblem was criticisms from the critics unrealistic and claimed that it should have had more symbols reflecting Russias national identity. The authorities then held a voting to select the official emblem of the games(Schmitt 2014). Mascot: The authorities held a voting for the first time in the history of Olympics to choose the mascots. The mascots were a polar bear, a snow hare and a snow leopard. They were chosen using online voting and text messaging by the Russian people. Stamps and Coins: The Russian Post released postage stamps showing athletes, the three mascots and venues of the event. The Bank of Russia issued special coins and ruble notes of denomination 100 to market the event from their office. Sponsors: A large number of multinational companies like Coca Cola Company and Mc Donalds sponsored the Olympics 2014. The sponsoring companies were from diverse sectors like Microsoft and Pricewater Coopers Private Limited. These large numbers of sponsors ensured that international class resources and technology supplied the event(Gee, Jackson and Sam 2016). Infrastructure building: The authorities spent US $ 850 million to construct telecommunication network and entered into contract with Avaya. The telecommunication structure was constructed to provide information about the events. The important government departments like Russian Ministry of Energy and the Ministry of Regional Development met to decide on construction of necessary infrastructure for the event. The authorities built infrastructure like roads, bridges and railway stations to ensure easy transport of people and materials to the venues of the games(Phillips 2015). The staging of the Sochis Winter Olympics: The next stage of the event of the Olympic Games 2014 was its opening on February 7, 2014 at the Fisht Olympic Stadium. The opening ceremony showcased the culture of Russia, its history, the Russian Revolution and the history of the Soviet Union. The event was managed efficiently by the authorities and was attended by eighty-eight nations. Themanagement and security of the staging of the event was taken care of by the Russian army and police. An analysis of the staging of the games shows that though it was managed excellently by the authorities it received threats from several radical groups like the Chechen Muslims and Vilayat Dagestan. Several Olympic authorities received threats from radical groups to assassinate athletes and officials. These threats created a serious threats to the interest of the stakeholders of the event like the organisers, spectators, governments of the countries involved, suppliers, sponsoring companies and athletes. There were also concerns raised by stakeh olders like the LGBT communities over ill treatment of the transsexual athletes. The third stakeholders concern raised while staging the event was protests from the Circassian organisations who objected that the games were being held on their lands. The fourth stakeholder issue was raised by a former director of anti doping authority of Russia who claimed that Russian Olympic organisers had allowed their athletes to use banned drugs to ensure their high performances(Ingle 2017). Recommendations: The above study raises several stakeholder concerns concerning several groups of stakeholders like spectators, governments, organisers, suppliers and athletes participating in the Olympics 2014. The first issue was security threats from the terrorist groups, the second issue was protests from Circassians, the third concern was breach of LGBT rights and the fourth concern was using of banned drugs by Russian athletes to improve their performances. The following are the recommendations regarding future developments of event destination of the Olympic Games: The countries participating in the Olympic Games should form a special force to deal with terrorist threats. The special force should be composed of defence personnel from all the participating countries. This arrangement would make the international sports events more secure and sustainable by inviting greater number of countries, athletes and sponsoring companies participating in them. The future Olympic events should be held in venues free from issues from stakeholders like Circassians. This would not hamper the interest of any community and the event would be free from any such controversies. This step would make Olympic events more sustainable by drawing participation and cooperation from larger number of communities. It is recommended that the Olympic organisers should frame laws to protect the interests of the transgender athletes who are one of the stakeholders for the event. The transgender athletes who participate in the Olympic event should feel secure and this would encourage them to perform well in the event. This would make the future sports events more sustainable and benefit all the athletes irrespective of their gender orientations. The fourth recommendation to the organisers of the future Olympic events is that they should abstain from allowing their athletes from using banned drugs to perform at the event. This would safeguard ethics and morality of the international sports events like Olympic. References: BBC News. 2017. Sochi 2014: Olympic venue guide. [online] Available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-25946582 [Accessed 19 Sep. 2017]. Gee, S., Jackson, S.J. and Sam, M., 2016. Carnivalesque culture and alcohol promotion and consumption at an annual international sports event in New Zealand.International Review for the Sociology of Sport,51(3), pp.265-283. Ingle, S. 2017. Anti-doping agencies call on IOC to ban Russia from 2018 Winter Olympics. [online] the Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2017/sep/14/anti-doping-agencies-tell-ioc-ban-russia-2018-winter-olympics [Accessed 19 Sep. 2017]. International Olympic Committee. 2017. Sochi Olympics - 2014 Winter Games in Russia results videos. [online] Available at: https://www.olympic.org/sochi-2014 [Accessed 19 Sep. 2017]. Mller, M., 2014. After Sochi 2014: costs and impacts of Russias Olympic Games.Eurasian geography and economics,55(6), pp.628-655. Phillips, M.K., 2015. Building Up Infrastructure.CFA Institute Magazine,26(6). Robbins, J., Hunter, L. and Murray, G.R., 2013. Voters versus terrorists: Analyzing the effect of terrorist events on voter turnout.Journal of Peace Research,management 50(4), pp.495-508. Schmitt, M., 2014.Nation Branding in Result of a Crisis: An Analysis of the Beijing and London Summer Olympics(Doctoral dissertation, Southern Illinois University at Edwardsville). Scott, K.G., 2015.The Impact of Hosting the Summer Olympic Games on Economic Growth in Developing Countries: A Case Study of the 2008 Beijing Games(Doctoral dissertation, The University of Mississippi). Stampnews.com. (2017). Cite a Website - Cite This For Me. [online] Available at: https://www.stampnews.com/tags/sochi-2014-winter-olympics-stamps [Accessed 19 Sep. 2017].

Report on Human Resource Management Challenges

To guarantee the high company’s performance, managers use a lot of different tools in order to organize the work of employees effectively and contribute to achieving positive working outcomes. The problem is in the fact that the effective management depends on overcoming certain challenges associated with human resources and organization of their work.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Report on Human Resource Management Challenges specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Typical challenges which can be faced by human resource managers are the workforce diversity, the necessity to implement changes, and the necessity to provide the effective training and development for employees. The purpose of this report is to discuss the above-mentioned challenges, to determine their causes, and to plan actions in order to address the problems. Workforce diversity is associated with the needs to organize the effective cooperati on of employees who are characterized by different age, gender, status, culture, race, and ethnicity. These differences can result in many conflicts and in the lack of the effective communication and cooperation between employees. From this point, the HR manager is responsible for developing the strategies in order to improve the communication between the workers and to overcome the possible barriers.  The next challenge is the necessity to implement changes in the organizational process. Employees are usually not ready to change their habits and methods of working. However, the effective development of the company is possible only when changes and improvements are successfully implemented in the organizational process or structure (Liu et al., 2007).  The company’s progress depends on the individual progress of employees that is why HR managers pay much attention to working out training and development programs in order to improve employee’s skills and stimulate t he work performance. However, it is a challenge to implement the program which can respond to the company’s goals, meet the modern requirements and trends and be financially advantageous.  To find out the ways to overcome HRM challenges, it is necessary to focus on the causes. The problems based on workforce diversity are often caused by the unwillingness of the managers to admit the fact of the problem existence when conflicts between employees become typical. The resolution is in focusing on team building and stimulating the effective communication between employees which is free from biases (Liu et al., 2007).  The cause of problems connected with implementing necessary changes and the role of human resources in the process is in unpreparedness of employees to learn new principles and norms, to change their working habits.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Thus, HR manager’s task is to help employees overcome barriers in admitting the changes (Meyer, Stanley, Vandenberg, 2013). The effective plan to cope with the challenge depends on working out stages of the implementation and adaptation to the process in detail. The key aspect is the gradual changes along with the effective previous training. Facing challenges associated with employees’ training and development, HR managers should determine the possible cause of the problem which can depend on training costs, on the absence of the effective base for providing the training and development, or on the employees’ emotional and professional barriers. From this perspective, the task of the HR manager is to choose the program which is the most appropriate for the company in relation to completing the goals and objectives, saving the company’s finances, and providing the employees with the necessary theoretical and practical knowledge. References Liu, Y., Combs, J., Ketchen, D., Ireland, D. (2007). The value of human resource management for organizational performance. Business Horizons, 50(1), 503-511. Meyer, J., Stanley, L., Vandenberg, R. (2013). A person-centered approach to the study of commitment. Human Resource Management Review, 23(2), 190–202. This report on Report on Human Resource Management Challenges was written and submitted by user S0l0 to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Compare 3 or 4 poems in which the writers convey feelings in striking and original ways Essay Example

Compare 3 or 4 poems in which the writers convey feelings in striking and original ways Essay In this essay, I will look at three poems and how the poet conveys the feelings in them. The first poem I will look at is To His Coy Mistress by a 17th century poet, Andrew Marvell. In this poem, unusual, violent imagery is conjured which I found very intriguing in a love poem. For the second poem, I will consider the feelings conveyed in Rapunzstiltskin by Liz Lochhead. This poem uses and original idea of mixing traditional fairy-tale elements with those of a more modern theme. The final poem will be i wanna be yours, written by John Cooper Clarke. I chose this poem to look at because it is striking in its use of everyday objects. In To His Coy Mistress, the main feeling I detected was that of lust. This is a poem of seduction in which the poet wants to have sex with his mistress. He applies pressure to her by saying she will die a virgin. Then worms shall try that long preserved virginity Line 27 That particular line is original and unexpected because it describes a strange, revolting and intimidating way for him to threaten and pressure his mistress. We will write a custom essay sample on Compare 3 or 4 poems in which the writers convey feelings in striking and original ways specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Compare 3 or 4 poems in which the writers convey feelings in striking and original ways specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Compare 3 or 4 poems in which the writers convey feelings in striking and original ways specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Another striking idea that is used is the personification of time. But at my back I always hear, Times winged chariot hurrying near. Line 21. He is again threatening her, but this time with the loss of her beauty and he implies that if she gets any older, time will have run out. The poet uses another technique syllogism. I have never seen this used before, and it is an original technique of persuasion to give his arguments about why they should have sex now. The philosophy in the poem is Carpe Diem, which means Seize The Day. Another technique used is hyperbole. My vegetable love should grow Line 11 The meaning of the quote I chose to example hyperbole is as follows. When he mentions his vegetable love growing, he is implying that he is attracted to and aroused by his mistress. This was striking, as I didnt expect a metaphor such as that one to be used in a love poem. There are five main semantic fields in this poem which are time, body, power, death and sex. There are quotes below of each semantic field in the order that they are written above. Times winged chariot, breast, birds of prey, eternity, and virginity. The most powerful thing described in the poem is time, as it cannot be stopped. The man is trying to gain power over her and he wants her submission. Rapunzstiltskin also uses striking images. There are feelings of lust from both characters in the poem. The maiden has feelings of resentment, anger, disappointment and frustration. However, both sexes feelings are described in the poem not just the mans. This poem is original because of the mixing of traditional fairy tale elements with modern ideas. I love you? Line 46, is a fairy tale story element and Sort of gorgeous Line 17, is modern. This poem is almost allegorical, as it had hidden meanings about what its theme is. I think that the poet is trying to challenge traditional gender roles and the tower that the maiden is trapped in, is a metaphor for being confined to a gender stereotype. This metaphor was interesting and original because it took the fairy tale element of being trapped in a tower and I had never heard it used before. The ampersand used at the very start of the poem, suggests that it is half way through a story. It also gives an informal, chatty and colloquial style to the poem. Fireman in some soap opera. Line 17 The feelings in i wanna be yours, are contrasting. They could be about lust, or they could be about passion and the more romantic aspects of a relationship. This is the third poem that I have studied about a man wanting a woman. This poem has a completely modern style. It is written like a song, which is informal and very original. It could be compared to Rapunzstiltskin, as they both use colloquial language and have an informal attitude. The rhyme scheme and repetition used adds rhythm, and makes it cohesive. When the poet changes the pattern, it is striking and adds emphasis. It is a way of stressing or highlighting the points he wants to be important in the poem. Another way that this poem is original and striking is when he compares himself to everyday objects. As readers, we can relate to the items he mentions. As the woman involved sees the objects all the time, she will be reminded of him constantly. The twist at the end describes a love triangle between the man, his partner and another woman. i dont wanna be hers i wanna be yours. Line 30 This takes the reader by surprise, and was an original ending. All three poems were successful in conveying feelings in striking and original ways, but using different techniques. To His Coy Mistress works as a poem of persuasion, but not in the way that we would expect. It is mainly about a potential lover who is being bullied and threatened into sex by a man. Rapunzstiltskin is successful in making a point about breaking stereotypes and gender roles, and uses original, quite modern metaphors to describe fairy tale story elements. The poet showing how much he wants to be with the woman achieves the success of I wanna be yours, and he uses unusual comparisons of what he wants to be.

Desirees Baby essays

Desiree's Baby essays Kate Chopin's short story, "Desiree's Baby," begins by explaining how Desiree comes to live with Monsieur and Madame ValmondeMonsieur Valmonde finds her as a child sleeping on his property, and he and his wife decide to raise her. When Desiree grows up, Armand Aubigny falls in love with her, and despite Monsieur Valmonde's warnings that Desiree's origins are unknown, Armand marries her and they have a baby boy. At first, they are both extremely proud and happy, and Armand even treats his Negro slaves kindly because he is in such a joyful state of mind. However, Armand's manner changes when the baby is three months old: he stops looking into Desiree's eyes when he speaks to her, he treats the slaves awfully, and he seems to fall out of love with Desiree. Desiree is miserable and cannot understand why her husband has changed. One day she is in her room looking at her sleeping child and she notices that his skin color is darker than "normal;" she asks Armand what it means, and he tells her that the child is not white, so therefore she must not be white, and he sends her away and burns all of her things, only to read an old letter that reveals it was his own mother who was black. The moment Armand presumed Desiree to be of Negro origins, he wanted nothing to do with her or his own son because to him, being black was completely inferior; however, the irony is that it was him all along who had a black parent, sending Chopin's message that judging another human being based on his or her skin color is completely immoral The central character in this story is Desiree, who grows up to be a "beautiful and gentle, affectionate and sincere" woman with a fair complexion and long, silky brown hair. Desiree is happy and gleeful, is kind to her slaves, and wants to please her husband in any way. Chopin writes of Armand and Desiree: "When he frowned she trembled, b...

The identification of pathological liars in the criminal justice Essay

The identification of pathological liars in the criminal justice system - Essay Example It is very important for the courts to determine whether a witness is telling the truth because he may make the courts sentence an innocent man. Therefore, detection of liars is of paramount significance in order to serve justice. It cannot be said with certainty whether pathological lying is really a disorder. There have been opposing views in this regard. This debate has some serious implications on the criminal law because if pathological lying is not a disorder and is deliberate, it should be punishable by law as far as witnesses are concerned. There is no reliable definition of pathological lying as yet but there is agreement in respect of certain core elements that constitute it. This concept was first described by a German physician, Anton Delbruck, who observed that some of his patients could not help themselves from telling such outrageous lies that he had to put them in a special category. These lies were later described by him as "pseu- dologia phantastica." (Dike, 2008) T he first step to determine whether a person is a pathological liar is to take a look at his history. The history of a pathological liar is full of lies that are told without any purpose. Normally, a lie is told in order to obtain a certain benefit or advantage. For pathological liars, telling lies is a disease and they tell them even if they provide no benefit to them. What makes this behaviour even more questionable is the fact that some lies play a role in incriminating their teller. This means that yet another feature of pathological lying is that lies are told without any regard to what their consequences might be. There are many real-life stories in which people have lost their jobs because of their pathological lying. Probably the biggest problem with a lie is that it needs many other subsequent lies for support. The people who have this problem do not only include the unfortunate; many successful people have also succumbed to this problem. Judge Patrick Couwenberg of Californ ia, for instance, was removed from his office because he lied both in his official capacity and while being under oath to speak the truth during the investigation of his behavior. He was later diagnosed with pseudologia phantastica (Dike, 2008). Being a judge is one of the most prestigious of statuses in the society. One who has achieved this status would never do anything to sabotage it in normal circumstances. Therefore, it was a curious situation that Judge Couwenberg deliberately compromised his position and, all things aside, damaged his reputation. His case makes a strong argument in favor of pathological lying being a mental disorder. Pathological liars are also known as compulsive liars or mythomaniacs. While detecting a pathological liar, there is a great danger of making a wrong diagnosis. However, there are a few very common symptoms of a pathological liar. Firstly, a pathological liar uses a lot of detail in his lie. He fears all the time that he might not be believed by others. This is why he uses a lot of extra information to supplement his lie. Secondly, pathological liars usually want to make their lives look better than they actually are. They feel that they are not being given the right amount of respect by others. Hence, they tell such lies that help them look important and more respectful. Thirdly, pathological liars are in a desperate need of attention. While some of them lie about how great their life is, others lie to make their liv

The Causes of Suicide in the Military Research Paper

The Causes of Suicide in the Military - Research Paper Example (Alvarez) It is evident from the graph that the suicide rate has been almost doubled in 2008 compared to the 2003 statistics. In any case, one thing is for sure; suicide rates among American military personnel are growing rapidly in recent times because of various reasons. Even though military authorities are trying hard to reduce the suicide rates among soldiers, so far they failed to do so because of the complex reasons associated with suicides in military. This paper analyses the causes and effects of suicides in American military. Suicide rates among American military personnel have been more than that among American civilians in recent times. The above fact clearly suggests that there should be some specific reasons to the increased suicide rates among soldiers. The interpersonal-psychological theory of suicide proposes that three necessary factors are needed to die by suicide: feelings that one does not belong with other people, feelings that one is a burden on others or societ y, and an acquired capability to overcome the fear and pain associated with suicide (Bryan, et al. p.1044). Feelings that one does not belong with other people seems to be the major reason for increasing suicide rates among soldiers. ... Socializing is an essential activity required for each human being to maintain a stable mental health. Military life provides less diversity for socializing activities. It should be noted that in normal life a person’s socializing habits takes place in a diverse environment; socializing with family members, socializing with relatives, socializing with peers, socializing with opposite sex, socializing with friends etc. On the other hand, in military life, socializing is only a one way traffic; socializing between the soldiers and that also only on specific occasions. Thus feelings of loneliness or feelings that one does not belong with other people may increase among soldiers, which may finally develop frustrations and subsequent suicide attempts. Feeling of unworthiness or feeling that one is a burden on others or society is another reason for suicide tendency among soldiers. As mentioned earlier, military life provides only limited opportunities for family life as far as a so ldier is concerned. A soldier may not be able to fulfill his family and social commitments while working in the military. The failure to fulfill these commitments may generate feeling of unworthiness among soldiers. Such feelings can also cause the development of suicide tendency. Acquired capability to overcome the fear and pain associated with suicide is the third major reason for increased suicide rates among military personnel. It should be noted that soldiers are brave people and they are engaged in acts like killing of enemies. In other words, killing or dying is not a fearful act for them. Thus when the feeling of unworthiness develops, soldiers are not hesitant in committing suicide. Army

See the detailed information below Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

See the detailed information below - Case Study Example This will be achieved by analyzing the case â€Å"IKEA invades America† under the following subtopics. The best model of business that describes the marketing activity for the IKEA Company is the 4P model. A firm applying this model structures its marketing activities based on the product, price, place and promotion aspects. IKEA is observed to follow this model since has designed the products with unique features that act as identity to customers. The products offered by the company are Scandinavian make. In addition, there are a range of products that customers can buy. The company has opened outlets in various countries from customers can obtain products. Components of the products are supplied and assembled by customers in assistance of IKEA employee at the nearby outlet. This has moved the products close to customers. The company has also used price as a tool to attract customer. The products are offered at relatively lower prices compared to competitors yet are of high quality. The company carries promotional activities to create awareness to customers such as through the inter net. IKEA has a developed product strategy that is followed in developing new products as well as setting its price. The company has a council made of members from different part of the globe that studies the trends in consumer tastes and preferences. The council recommends for development of a product based on consumer preferences. The company also carries research in the market for similar products offered by the competitors for purpose of benchmarking and setting the price. The company sets the price to as low as 30 to 50 percent of the competitor price (3). In addition, the company has a price matrix followed in setting the price. The matrix has style of product: Scandinavian, modern, country and young against price range (high, medium, or low). The matrix provides for setting prices for different design with a sense of

Disagreement Aid the Pursuit of Knowledge

Disagreement Aid the Pursuit of Knowledge Many people believe that disagreement is simply like a husband and wife arguing with each other about whether the dress makes her look fat. However there is a great deal more to disagreement than just conflict between two people and from understanding the notion of error, truth, mistake and belief and how they cause disagreement to occur or trying to win your claim leads to interesting knowledge. Disagreement can actually aid the way to pursuit the knowledge in the ways of knowing of reason, emotion and sense perception in the areas of knowledge of human and natural science. This essay will show you how disagreement helps to pursue knowledge. Is it certain that disagreement aids the pursuit of knowledge? This following example will show that it does. One disagreement in natural science that has aided us humans to know more about our universe than before came from the dispute between scientists in the Theory of Quantum. In 1905 Albert Einstein stated that Max Plancks theory of the quantum was right and he proved his point by using an experiment with light, which showed that sometimes light acts as a wave. This shocked a lot of scientists because to them it was crazy as saying a rock acts like a wave. Niels Bohr disagrees with this idea because it went against the classical law of physics which applied to every object in that time. This disagreement made Bohr come up with a methodology proving his idea against Einstein by using hydrogen atoms to show that light isnt a wave. The disagreement between the two founders of quantum mechanics caused them to think further to discover more of the truth. Later Bohrs idea of a fix equation for an atom to behavior like particle was disproven by Max Born who building on Einsteins earlier work said that the quantum mechanics could be found by probability. However Einstein spoke strongly against this idea because he believed God does not roll a dice  [1]  and disagreeing with Borns idea of probability which held that everything was made up by chance. Einstein refused to accept quantum indeterminism and sought to demonstrate that the principle of indeterminacy could be violated, suggesting experiments which should permit the accurate determination of incompatible variables.  [2]  Then he came up with the two slip experiment to help prove his theory by using reason. All of this back and forward arguing between scientists gave us the further knowledge of quantum mechanics bringing us closer to the real truth. By using the way of knowing reason, they experimentally proved facts to argue each other and showing way of knowing emotion, their pride made them stand for their point of view on which view of quantum was true. Another example that really shows that disagreement aid the way to pursuit the true knowledge is disagreement between Alice Stewart and other doctor during 1950s in Oxford. Alice Stewart was trying to identify the cause of child cancer which later discovers that it is cause by X-rays during woman is pregnant. From Ted talk by Mergaret Heffernan about this story she stated that, Alices daughter told me that every time Alice went head-to-head with a fellow scientist,  they made her think and think and think again. It show clearly that disagreement between Alice and her fellow scientist help them to understand the true meaning and further information into the research.  [3]   Disagreement aid the way to pursuit the true knowledge because from disagreement over the answer help scientist find more way and perspective to solve the problem. On the other hand this disagreement may not aid the way of pursuit knowledge because of the close mindedness of the people. These people will not find disagreement and aid because from viewing their own result as the real truth which then closed down all possible answer from other people. For example in the past, it is how Catholic Church believing in geocentric and strongly against all other idea of heliocentric, that was claim by Nicolaus Copernicus. From this classic example it shown that Catholic believe in geocentric because they believe that god was born in planet Earth which mean that Earth is definitely the center of the universe. They believe in this theory and even against an idea of heliocentric. Even theory of heliocentric can be proving by an observation of star. As we have seen emotion also can play an important role in finding the truth because being scared to be proven wrong makes some people close the way to develop their idea or refuse to check their assumption so that the real knowledge of truth cant be revealed. From the article Separating The Pseudo From Science by Michael D.Gordin, we get a good idea on disagreement in science between science and pseudoscience. There is not a demarcation between pseudoscience and science because both areas can add to range of human knowledge. As Gordin said If scientist uses some criterion such as peer review to demarcate, so will the fringe. The brighter the light of science-that is, the greater its cultural prestige and authority-the sharper the shadow, and the more the fringe flourishes.  [4]  The pseudoscience on the fringe will expand the size of the knowledge because pseudoscience views and investigate thing from different perception than normal science. We do have to be careful that it is possible that someone who doesnt know anything about science can claim something is scientific and true based on non-empirical evidence which can lead them off the track. We need to justify any claim by peer reviews that scientist do before we can add to our theoretical or concrete knowledge bases. Disagreement in the human science field can be shown in the field of history which country disagreeing with each other to cause the war to happen. For example American civil war was happen from one conflict or one disagreement which is about slavery. Northern of United States claim to free and end the slavery in the country however Southern part wanted to continues with the slavery because it will affect their economic in a bad way if the slavery end. The disagreement led further to cause a war against two sides of United States. From historical point of view we can see that disagreements over time over how a war began help to find the true cause of the war. However the knowledge is not certain because of the perception of the viewer who views one country or bias one more than another. There are no absolute truth behind disagreement in human science because history can be record in hatred which causing the truth to be change. On the other hand it may not help to find the absolute tru th but from using disagreement help to increase and change the way to approach which can help to discover some knowledge behind. For me the most interesting areas where disagreement aids the pursuit of information are in the areas of knowledge of mathematics and human science. Disagreeing with teacher over either answer was correct or not help to pursuit more knowledge on mathematic than normal because from this I can understand more on how to solve the question by looking at why am I wrong or finding prove to show why I am right. There are a lot of formula and way to solve the question so it is certain by discussing with teacher and sharing our different views, he and I can help each other learn that even though the formula or method isnt the same but the answer in the end is the same. In human science there is a lot of disagreement, because human can understand each other behavior more through sense perception and emotion than by scientific evidence. This lack of hard proves easy lead to an argument. From my experience people will start to know each other more and more when they are disagreeing with each other because it is our human nature to control ourselves and present the information in the best possible way. If that isnt their real behavior, the real behavior will be revealed when they are face with strong rapid change of emotion from arguing with other people. On the other hand in some situation arguing with other people will not lead to knowing each other more but lead into destruction of friendship. Disagreement in both human science and natural science can aid the pursuit of knowledge like in the way like Einstein and Bohr arguing to discovered quantum mechanics through the argument between themselves and how historian discover the meaning and the purpose of history by learning about disagreement which led to war between country. However this knowledge that came from disagreement may be not the real truth for everything because my truth and your truth are not same, like each scientists and historians view thing in different point of view. So everyone must freely look at both sides. Disagreement can help the pursuit the knowledge if we have the reason and right emotions to be open minded enough to listen to other people ideas and accepts the fact that they also can be saying the truth from another perception. Disagreement Aid The Pursuit Of Knowledge Disagreement Aid The Pursuit Of Knowledge Disagreement may aid the pursuit of knowledge in the natural and human sciences because disagreement fosters new research to justify rival theories. Openness to allow disagreeing points of view and theories to be presented is important because it challenges scientists and prompts them to justify their points of view through a genuine dialogue. In this essay I will focus on biology and economics then I will try to discuss how ways of knowing are linked to disagreement. I will also endeavor to show how disagreement has helped me in the process of knowledge acquisition. 1858 was the year when Charles Darwin and Alfred Russell Wallaces new theory was published the evolutionary theory that was thoroughly expounded in the famous treatise On the Origin of Species (1859)  [1]  by Ch. Darwin. In contrast to Lamarck, Darwin proposed the concepts of the common descent and the branching tree of life, which means that two totally different species could have a common ancestor. The theorys fundament was the idea of natural selection, and it was based on a variety of evidence from animal husbandry, geology, biogeography, embryology, and morphology. Evolution underlies every aspect of the form and behavior of organisms. We can see a proof of this in the way species behave and adapt as a result of natural selection. The ability to adapt is exhibited in activities such as locating food, keeping away from predators or finding mates. Life forms can also react to selection by working together with each other, by assisting their relatives or entering in a symbios is of shared advantage. In the end, evolution creates new species through separating the familial populations of organisms, forming new groups that are not able to produce a common generation. Today, the contemporary evolutionary theory is accepted by the greater part of scientists. On the other hand, evolution is still a controversial notion for a number of theists. While a number of religions and denominations are prepared to accept the theory of evolution, making it compatible with their beliefs, there are creationists who purport that evolution is opposing the creation myths present in their religions. As the responses towards the Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation in 1844 show, the most controversial feature of evolutionary biology is the inference that human beings descend, together with apes, from a common ancestor and that the intellectual and ethical abilities of humans possess the same inherited attributes as those characteristic of animals. In a number of countries, particularly the United States, these strain between science and religion has produced the current conflict between creation and evolution, a religious conflict connected with politics and p ublic education. While scientific areas such as cosmology and geology also clash with a number of interpretations of religious books, evolutionary theory encounters noteworthy antagonism from religious theoreticians and practitioners. The debate over evolution shows how disagreement encourages more detailed research and, as a result, contributes to the pursuit of knowledge. However, it also shows that disagreement is not only about gathering reliable knowledge, but also about the way one undertakes the acquisition of it. Because theism had been a deeply-rooted philosophy for a very long time, people felt some kind of emotional attachment to it. The same, however, can be said about evolutionists. This can be seen from the fact that the supporters of evolution did not reject the theory in light of new controversial findings. In my opinion, the fact that the evolutionists accept evolution as a basic principle is not disputed by the creationists. It is absurd to say that creationists use the beliefs of the evolutionists to show that they doubt evolution. The purpose of quoting the supporters of evolution is to show the disputable issues in the field of evolution, which are being studied. Another example of the role of disagreement in science is exhibited in the field of modern economics, especially when it comes to the long-run equilibrium  [2]  . It is a notion that aggregate demand is equal to long-run aggregate supply. Given that there is disagreement among different economic concepts, we distinguish between Keynesian equilibrium output in the long run and the new classical equilibrium output2. According to new classical economists, economy will always try to achieve a long-run equilibrium at the full employment level of output. Thus, long-run equilibrium is where the aggregate demand curve meets the vertical long-run aggregate supply curve. The effect of any changes in aggregate demand will be only on the price level. In each case the equilibrium level of output is where aggregate demand is equal to long-run aggregate supply. According to the Keynesian economists, however, this equilibrium level of output may be found at different levels. They believe that the economy may be in long-run equilibrium at a level of output below the full employment level of national income. This will be the case if the economy is operating at a level where there is spare capacity. In this view, the equilibrium level of output depends mainly on the level of aggregate demand in economy. In the Keynesian view, aggregate demand can increase in such a way that there is an increase in the level of r eal output, without any resulting increase in the price level. No clear conclusion has yet been made concerning the long-run equilibrium in macroeconomics. Instead of having a weak and formal equilibrium, vigorous disagreement between experts would give the decision-makers the opportunity to come up with meaningful alternatives that inform and enrich discussions. Writing this essay invoked a memory of a disagreement I had with a classmate of mine over GMO (Genetically modified organism). Few months I watched a TV program on CCTV it was an attempt to introduce the advantages of GMF. I know that the problem with genetically modified food is probably the most significant one. But I am quite aware for the fact that there are genetically modified elements in many other products. This program is very interesting and it widens the eyes. The one that I am sure of is cotton. It has brought many discussions all over the world. However, at the same time a friend of mine was convinced by a text in a website called Ten disadvantages of genetically modified food  [3]  . We started doing a lot of research to support our personal argument. Thus disagreement aided our individual pursuit of knowledge. We did not reach a conclusion due to lack of enough reliable information. He asked me: Can you imagine a genetically modified human being- can it be perfect? Sure, we have to be careful as one day we, human beings, can be modified too. A genetically modified human is the logical continuation of this process. And as far as I know, many claim that choosing the genes for your children and improving their genetic material is good as long as we help them avoid diseases. But in my opinion is same of his, once we start doing this, there will be no going back. And one day some science fiction movies will become reality. When scientists aspire to speak in an unified voice, they usually do so in a quite scientific way: they make and launch consensus reports. The idea is to compress the knowledge of many experts into a single point of view that can resolve disputes and help policy-making. But the process of reaching such a consensus often works against these goals, and can challenge the very authority it tries to project. The idea that science best asserts its authority through consensus statements differs from the real process of scientific development. Consensus is good for textbooks; real science makes its progress by increase challenges to the existing state of always-incomplete knowledge. Science would present greater importance to politics if it uttered the broadest set of likely interpretations, possibilities and perspectives, anticipated by the top experts, rather than forcing meeting to a purportedly unified voice. To conclude, a disagreement can often stop you from rushing into dire decisions and choices. They allow you time and give you space to think over it though you may get annoyed by the delay and hindrances. It is always possible you that may have done big homework on a decision, but you still may have left unnoticed a simple, but vital point, which the dissenting person can perceive when looked from a dissimilar viewpoint. Disagreement has fostered the pursuit of knowledge in the natural and human sciences such as biology and economics, because disagreement has led to additional research. We should not be afraid to disagree or recognize disagreement. Real leaders accept disagreement as truly successful one must periodically welcome a liberal dose of disagreement in every main or significant decision one takes, even if one is a specialist in what one does.

Seasonal Affective Disorder: A Clear Link Between the Outside and the I

Seasonal Affective Disorder: A Clear Link Between the Outside and the Inside of the Brain And God said, Let there be light; And there was light. And God saw that the light was good; And God separated the light from the darkness. God called the light Day, and the darkness he called Night. And there was evening and there was morning, one day. (Genesis 1:3-5) (1) The sun has been an endless source of inspiration, both physical and spiritual, throughout the ages. For its light, warmth, and the essential role it has played in the maintenance of the fragile balance of life on earth, the sun has been honored and celebrated in most of the world's religions. While the regeneration of light is constant, the relative length of time between the rising and setting of the sun is affected by the changing of the seasons. Hippocrates postulated centuries ago that these changing patterns of light and dark might cause mood changes (9). Seasonal downward mood changes of late fall and winter have been the subject of many sorrowful turn-of-the-century poems of lost love and empty souls. For some, however, â€Å"the relationship between darkness and despair is more than metaphoric (6). It is only recently that the distinct neurological effects associated with the shortening of the day in winter have been more clearly understood. One interesting example of mood change associated with seasonal change is Seasonal Affective Disorder. While Seasonal Affective Disorder (or SAD) is interesting in itself as a long-suffered from but only recently labeled illness, it is perhaps most interesting as an illustrative example of the complex interplay between neurological processes and the environment. The study of Seasonal Affective Disorder provides fasci... ...ide? If healing comes from a pill, a shot, a box of light, does that make the illness real? Although my father would probably have steam coming out of his ears by this point in reading this paper, the lesson here is not in whether or not Seasonal Affective Disorder treatment should be covered by health insurance. Instead, it should be understood within the larger framework of how minds interact with the environment. Seasonal mood change is a clear and undeniable example of what happens when something goes wrong in the exchange of information from the outside to the inside. By examining seasonal mood change, the string linking the environment, circadian rhythms, the brain and behavior is a little tighter. Internet Sources: http://eawc.evansville.edu/anthology/genesis.htm http://web.nami.org/helpline/sad.htm http://www.cybercouch.com/library/seas.dbp.html Seasonal Affective Disorder: A Clear Link Between the Outside and the I Seasonal Affective Disorder: A Clear Link Between the Outside and the Inside of the Brain And God said, Let there be light; And there was light. And God saw that the light was good; And God separated the light from the darkness. God called the light Day, and the darkness he called Night. And there was evening and there was morning, one day. (Genesis 1:3-5) (1) The sun has been an endless source of inspiration, both physical and spiritual, throughout the ages. For its light, warmth, and the essential role it has played in the maintenance of the fragile balance of life on earth, the sun has been honored and celebrated in most of the world's religions. While the regeneration of light is constant, the relative length of time between the rising and setting of the sun is affected by the changing of the seasons. Hippocrates postulated centuries ago that these changing patterns of light and dark might cause mood changes (9). Seasonal downward mood changes of late fall and winter have been the subject of many sorrowful turn-of-the-century poems of lost love and empty souls. For some, however, â€Å"the relationship between darkness and despair is more than metaphoric (6). It is only recently that the distinct neurological effects associated with the shortening of the day in winter have been more clearly understood. One interesting example of mood change associated with seasonal change is Seasonal Affective Disorder. While Seasonal Affective Disorder (or SAD) is interesting in itself as a long-suffered from but only recently labeled illness, it is perhaps most interesting as an illustrative example of the complex interplay between neurological processes and the environment. The study of Seasonal Affective Disorder provides fasci... ...ide? If healing comes from a pill, a shot, a box of light, does that make the illness real? Although my father would probably have steam coming out of his ears by this point in reading this paper, the lesson here is not in whether or not Seasonal Affective Disorder treatment should be covered by health insurance. Instead, it should be understood within the larger framework of how minds interact with the environment. Seasonal mood change is a clear and undeniable example of what happens when something goes wrong in the exchange of information from the outside to the inside. By examining seasonal mood change, the string linking the environment, circadian rhythms, the brain and behavior is a little tighter. Internet Sources: http://eawc.evansville.edu/anthology/genesis.htm http://web.nami.org/helpline/sad.htm http://www.cybercouch.com/library/seas.dbp.html

American Lit Unit 8

S. Q. 8 Nathanil Hawthorne 433, â€Å"The Minister's Black Veil† 457, â€Å"The Birthmark† 465, Herman Melville 504, â€Å"Bartleby the Scrivener† 507 1. What is the attractive legend about Hawthorne? He was believed to be a shy recluse, always brooding in solitude. 2. How do the authors describe Hawthorne? He is described as a public figure, capable of a certain urbanity. He is absorbed by the evils of enigma and of moral responsibility. 3. Briefly describe Hawthorne's background.He was born in Salem and moved to Maine with his mother to live with an uncle as a child. He returned to Salem to attend college. He secretly go married, he enjoyed reading and the first novel he wrote was recalled and almost completely destroyed. He continued writing and his first big break was The Scarlet Letter. 4. What is the principle appeal of Hawthorne's work? It is in the quality of its allegory, always richly ambivalent, providing enigmas which each reader solves in his or her own terms. ? 5.How does the preaching of Mr.. Hooper change as he puts on the black veil? He still had the same characteristics of style and manner, but it was tinged rather more dark than usual, with the gentle gloom of his temperament. 6. How does Elizabeth respond to the veil? At first she defends him saying questioning why everyone thought it to be such a big deal. Then she asks him why he is wearing it and seems to take offense of his reasoning and that he will not remove it. ? 7. What did Aylmer think of his wife’s birthmark?He despised it, he wanted her to have it removed. He felt it was the one thing that kept her from being perfect. 8. What word best describes Aylmer’s treatment of Aminadab? He treats him like he is insignificant and doesn't matter. He doesn't understand the science behind Aylmer's work and doesn't agree with him trying to remove the birthmark. Aylmer doesn't care what he thinks nor his own wife. He treats Aminadab as a servant. ? 9. How does the narrator of â€Å"Bartleby the Scrivener† characterize himself as a lawyer?He says he is an eminently safe man, he doesn't address juries, rather he works with rich men's bonds, mortgages and title-deeds. 10. What concerns the narrator most about Bartleby’s behavior? He is concerned about him ruining his reputation and his business. He tried to get him to work or leave and he refused to do either. 11. Where does Bartleby die? He dies in the prison yard. ? 12. How does the narrator fail Bartleby? He is unable to save him. He moved his office and when he did the next tenant causes him to be sent to prison because he still refuses to leave. 3. â€Å"At the end of the story, Bartleby's significance expands, and he becomes not only a double for the narrator but also a kind of double for all of humanity. † Explain this statement. We learn that Bartleby lost his job at the Dead Letter Office because of an administration change. The Dead Letter Office would be a pla ce of gloom, where one would deal with human mortality on a daily basis. Also, the narrator had lost his previous job due to bureaucratic changes. The narrator was able to adapt to life but Bartleby, he was unable to save.

The Introduction of Arjun Mehta Essay Example

The Introduction of Arjun Mehta Essay Example The Introduction of Arjun Mehta Paper The Introduction of Arjun Mehta Paper Arjun Mehta is introduced in the story as a nervous man; the writer has done this to show that he is an outcast from the rest of his surroundings. The writer uses juxtaposition to portray the differences between Arjun and the people surrounding him. Arjun is described to be confused â€Å"he was visible from a distance, a skinny flagpole of a boyan expression of mild confusion.† From this we see that Arjun is new to his surroundings and we are represented with his contrast of characteristics when the writer describes his surroundings personalities. The use of the quote â€Å"elbowed past beggars† shows the contrast of personalities between Arjun and others, the use of this is to show his vulnerability which portrays his character to be new to his surroundings. The reader is also aware that Arjun’s status is seen as minor as he is described as â€Å"a skinny flagpole of a boy† this quote shows that he hasn’t much respect because of the word â€Å"a. † This quote implies that he isn’t regarded as an individual but just another person, which lowers his status. The writer uses exposition with the use of juxtaposition. We are placed in a busy street where people are rushing around, however, Arjun Mehta is portrayed to be the opposite if the atmosphere used. He is seen as worried, nervous and scared. â€Å"The face fluttering on top wore an expression† The writer uses personification, he does this to show how Arjun is trying to hide his emotions by using the word â€Å"wore† which also can represent him trying to represent fake characteristics to make himself appear less nervous. The writer makes clear hints that Arjun Mehta has a low status in the story by the use of the quote â€Å"Skinny flagpole.† This can portray Arjun to be as disregarded as an object and it shows he is easily able to be pushed around because he is described as a â€Å"flagpole.† The writer also uses the technique of hyperbole to describe the flagpole. Flagpoles ar

Ongoing UN Peacekeeping Missions in Africa

Ongoing UN Peacekeeping Missions in Africa There are currently seven United Nations Peacekeeping Missions in Africa.   UNMISS The United Nations Mission in the Republic of South Sudan began July 2011 when the Republic of South Sudan officially became the newest country in Africa, having split from The Sudan. The split came after decades of war, and the peace remains fragile. In December 2013, renewed violence broke out, and the UNMISS team was accused of partisanship. A cessation of hostilities was reached 23 January 2014, and the UN authorized further troops for the Mission, which continues to supply humanitarian aid. As of June 2015 the Mission had 12,523 service personnel and more then 2,000 civilian staff members. UNISFA: The United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei began June 2011. It was tasked with protecting civilians in the region of Abyei, along the border between The Sudan and what became the Republic of South Sudan. The Force is also tasked with helping The Sudan and the Republic of South Sudan with stabilizing their border near Abyei. In May 2013, the UN expanded the force.   As of June 2015, the Force was comprised of 4,366 service personnel and more than 200 civilian staff members and UN volunteers. MONUSCO The United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo commenced 28 May 2010. It replaced the UN Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. While the Second Congo War officially ended in 2002, fighting continues, particularly in the eastern Kivu region of the DRC. The MONUSCO force is authorized to use force if need be to protect civilians and humanitarian personnel. It was due to be withdrawn in March 2015, but was extended into 2016.   UNMIL The United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL) was created 19 September 2003 during the Second Liberian Civil War. It replaced the UN Peace-building Support Office in Liberia. The warring factions signed a peace agreement in August 2003, and general elections were held in 2005. The UNMILs current mandate includes continuing to protect civilians from any violence and providing humanitarian aid. It is also tasked with assisting the Liberian government with strengthening national institutions for justice. UNAMID The African Union / United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur began 31 July 2007, and as of June 2015, it was the largest peacekeeping operation in the world. The African Union deployed peacekeeping forces to Darfur in 2006, following the signing of a peace accord between The Sudan government and rebel groups.   The peace agreement was not implemented, and in 2007, UNAMID replaced the AU operation. The UNAMID is tasked with facilitating the peace process, providing security, helping establish the rule of law, providing humanitarian aid, and protecting civilians. UNOCI The United Nations Operation in Cà ´te dIvoire began in  April 2004. It replaced the much smaller United Nations Mission in  Cà ´te dIvoire. Its original mandate was to facilitate the peace agreement that ended the Ivorian Civil War. It took six years, though, to hold elections, and after the 2010 elections, the incumbent, President  Laurent Gbagbo, who had governed since 2000, did not step down. Five months of violence followed, but it ended with the arrest of Gbagbo in 2011. Since then, there has been progress, but the UNOCI remains in  Cà ´te dIvoire to protect civilians, ease the transition, and ensure disarmament. MINURSO The  UN Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara (MINURSO) began 29 April 1991.   Its outcomes were to   Monitor the ceasefire and troop locationsOversee POW exchanges and repatriation Organize a referendum on  Ã‚  Western Sahara  independence from Morocco The mission has been ongoing for twenty-five years. During that time, MINURSO forces have assisted in maintaining the ceasefire and removing mines, but it has not yet been possible to organize a referendum on Western Saharan independence. Sources Current Peacekeeping Operations,  United Nations Peacekeeping.org.  (Accessed 30 January 2016).

Humanitarian intervention only occurs when it supports the interests Essay

Humanitarian intervention only occurs when it supports the interests of the powerful. Discuss - Essay Example tarian intervention aims at protecting lives, it poses a challenge for the international community, whose foundation builds on principles of sovereignty and non-military intervention. Following world events that occurred in the 1990s especially in Rwanda, Kosovo, Chechnya, Serbia, and Haiti, the world came together to establish laws that prohibited genocide, forbidding oppression of civilians and principles for upholding the fundamental human rights. These are the humanitarian principles from which intervention could be justifiable in the event of abuse. The sovereign states are supposed to protect their citizens, but in the event of oppressive regimes, the international community will be obliged to provide humanitarian intervention. Humanitarian intervention especially in terms of military saw a rise in the 1990s, more so among the liberal states, which championed for new humanitarian regulations among the international community. According to the United Nations, there was a need to protect forcibly harmless civilians from risks such as oppressive, tyrannical regimes and genocides. Although the United Nations agrees to this norm, there is no day that the United Nations Security Council has ever authorised military intervention, leaving the role solely to the powerful nations such as the United States, Britain, and France. These powerful nations call for humanitarian intervention if and only if, they have vested interests in the states that need help. For example, in the 1994 Rwandan genocide, the world looked the other way when the country needed humanitarian assistance most because strategically, the powerful nations had no interest in Rwanda. It is evident that the powerful nations will provide humanitarian i ntervention either to safeguard their interests or any future interests in the state they are aiding. They just do not provide humanitarian assistance if they do not stand to gain either through political cooperation or economic reasons. Therefore,

Conflict Analysis Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Conflict Analysis Paper - Essay Example When I go home after a hard day, I have to pick up unending coffee cups, ash trays, cushions, close open windows, secure locks and switch off lights, before washing the used dishes, as I need them for cooking and eating. Actually they are my own and he does not have many earthy possessions. He would rather spend money on male perfume, pointed shoes and manicure. Our conflict cannot come under philosophical, demonic, classical theories. It is definitely not ecological. It comes under the Functional theory and perhaps this kind of conflict is needed for the social functioning. Also it comes under Anomie theory, because both of us are confused about how to treat the other. "This meant that rules on how people ought to behave with each other were breaking down and thus people did not know what to expect from one another. Anomie, simply defined, is a state where norms (expectations on behaviors) are confused, unclear or not present. It is normlessness, Durkheim felt, that led to deviant behaviour" http://www.criminology.fsu.edu/crimtheory/week8.htm Triggering events that brought conflict into mutual awareness were his smoking inside flat, not cleaning, leaving used dishes all over, being unreasonable about buying things for flat, and arguing on every possible matter. According to him, they are my obsession with cleaning, tidiness, my overbearing desire to have my own way, shrill reaction to smoking and dominating behavior. Historical context on this ongoing relationship, could be from my point of view Communism produces only selfishness and cunning behavior. According to him, Asian people are overbearing, fastidious, without any scope for easy, laid back relationship. External events could be his late hours of work, his unhappiness over not getting a musician's job paying $300 per day, his failure in finding permanent, caring (read money spending) provider in the form of a girl friend and external environment that makes him hesitate to mingle, and thus, more aggressive. He believes that my external events are study pressures, my inability of generating a steady income, my being short of money perennially, and nervousness in completing my degree. I am sure I do not have any prior assumption about conflict, though, could have been a bit biased about erstwhile communism, and the way of expressing the particular bias, whereas Olek definitely has an annoying way of putting things across about colonialism, middle European male supremacy, and Eastern ignorance and poverty. I express the struggle by being grumpy, silent, unresponsive, cleaning the place with obvious unhappiness and by being unfriendly. Olek shows it with supreme indifference while continuing same attitude that is bound to raise my hackles. Perceived incompatible goals mainly are smoking, uncleanliness, loud music, unending heating of the flat, disturbance, using things without asking, and leaving them to clean themselves and find their own way to their proper places etc. Perceived scarce resources are gallantry, carelessness, sensitivity, co-operation, fellow-feeling and genuine friendship. We, being flat mates, are interdependent on mutual harmony and peace in the flat, paying of bills, maintaining a level of mutual respect and concern for one another.

Medicating kids with add and adhd disorder Essay

Medicating kids with add and adhd disorder - Essay Example It is complex syndrome of impairments related to the development of brain cognitive management systems or executive functions. It affects a person’s organization skills, concentration, focus and prolonged attention on a task, processing speed, short-term working memory and access recall, sustained motivation to work and the appropriate management of emotions (Brown: 14) In analyzing the human brain, the frontal part of the cortex is responsible for thinking, problem-solving decision-making and behavior control. This area is affected in individuals with ADHD (Hammerness: 52). Their impairment is related to problems in the release and reloading of two crucial neurotransmitter chemicals made in the brain: dopamine and norepinephrine. Such chemicals facilitate the communication within neural networks that control one’s thinking (Brown:15). Because of their impulsive and inattentive nature, it is important to come up with interventions that can help people with ADHD to be mo re in control of their behaviours. On one hand, the option of giving them medication to augment their brain function deficits is a sensible way to help them manage their disorder. On the other hand, some people, especially educators, do not recommend medicating individuals, especially children, diagnosed with ADHD and instead, recommend non-medicated intervention alternatives. In terms of medicated interventions, Brown (16) contends that certain medications have been manufactured to compensate for the inefficient release and reloading of essential neurotransmitters at countless synaptic connections in the brain. Individuals with the ADHD disorder have experienced remarkable improvement in their functioning when they are treated with appropriate doses of such medications. These medications alleviate symptoms only for the time when the medication is active in the brain, thus helping the individual in most self-management tasks. Hammerness (55) reports that stimulant medications such a s Ritalin which is a methylphenidate are effective helping children with ADHD to be calm and focused. These stimulants increase the neurotransmitter messages from one neuron to another. For example, if the brain cells in the area responsible for attention are not getting enough messages between them then the brain does not function well and does not direct the individual’s attention to focus on his assigned task. When the individual takes the medication, it gets absorbed into the bloodstream then travels to the brain where it works to improve attention deficits. Stimulant medications have been proven to improve ADHD symptoms of 65-75% of children who take them (Hammerness: 55). Such medications provide children with more control of their bodies, their speech and their focus. They need to be part of the team deciding about the use of medication for their condition because when they grow up, they have to make their own decisions about their own treatment. The use of medication in helping individuals with ADHD manage their condition has been greatly welcomed when a study published in the New England Journal of Medicine in November, 1990, reported that ADHD is a neurologically based behavioural disorder that is best treated by stimulants (Mayes & Erkulwater: 315). In general, vast research provide evidence that ADHD medication are safe especially when administered over short-term use. On the other hand, some camps are against the use of medic

Wine - Yeast Essay Example for Free

Wine Yeast Essay I. Introduction Wines have been one of the favorite beverages in the world. Many Europeans nowadays prefer wine to water as a daily beverage like their ancestors many centuries ago, despite of its bad effects in the health when consumed excessively. Different varieties of the grapes and strains of yeast produce different type of wine. Wines are alcoholic beverage that is usually made from grapes and other fermented juice like apples and berries. The fermentation takes place in the district origin, according to local tradition and practice. Only a relatively small area of the world is â€Å"wine producing. † This is because the grapes will only provide juice of the quality necessary for conversion into a drinkable wine where there must be enough sun to ripen the grape and the winter must be moderate, yet sufficient cool. Wines, which are widely known to be a delicious beverage, are also known for its significant uses. II. Body A. Definition of Wine Wine is an alcoholic beverage made from the fermentation of grape juice and other fruits, such as apples and berries. The English word â€Å"wine† comes from the Proto-Germanic â€Å"*winam,† an early borrowing from the Latin vinum, â€Å"wine† or â€Å"grapewine,† itself derived from the Proto-Indo-European stem *win-o. Although other fruits can be fermented, the resultant â€Å"wines† are normally named after the fruits from it produce, like apple wine or elderberry wine, and are generically known as fruit or country wine. Others are made from starch-based materials and resemble beer more than wine, such as barley wine and rice wine, while ginger wine is fortified with brandy. In these cases, the use of the term â€Å"wine† is a reference to the higher alcohol content, rather than production process. The commercial use of the English word â€Å"wine,† and its equivalent in other language, is protected by the law in many jurisdictions. B. History of Wines Archeological evidences suggest that the earliest known production of wine took place from sites in Georgia and Armenia from as early as 8000 – 6000 BC. These locations are all within the natural area of the European grape Vitis vinifera. Dr. Patrick McGovern and his colleagues analyzed the heritage of more than 110 modern grape cultivars through an extensive gene-mapping project in 2006, and narrowed their origin to a region in Georgina, where also wine residues were discovered on the inner surfaces of 8000-year-old-ramic storage jars in Shulavari, Georgina. In his book â€Å"Ancient wine: the search for the origins of viniculture,† McGovern proposes modern-day Georgia and Armenia as the likely sites of the domestication of the Eurasian wine grape some 8000 years ago. Winemaking spread south out there with wines being produced in northwest Iran and Haiji Firuz Tepe by 5400 BC. A little more than 4,000 years later, Near Eastern wine culture had evolved to the point where amphoras found in the palace of Amenhotep III in western Thebes noted vintage, quality, appellation, and even the purpose or occasion for the blend. The very oldest known evidence suggesting wine production in Europe and second oldest in the world comes from archeological sites in Greece also contain remnants of the world’s earliest evidence of crushed grapes. In medieval Europe, the Roman Catholic Church was a staunch supporter of wine which they required it for the Mass. In places like Germany, beer was banned and considered pagan and barbaric while wine consumption was viewed as civilized and a sign of conversion. Monks in France made wine for years, aging it in caves. And old English recipe that survived in various forms until the 19th century calls for refining while from bastard – bad or tainted bastardo wine. Viticulture foundation the Romans laid in the land that today are world renowned wine regions is one of the lasting legacies of the ancient Roman Empire. Areas with Roman garrison towns, like Bordeaux, Trier, and Colchester, the Romans planted vineyards to supply local needs and limit the cost of long distance trading. In India, viticulture has a long history dating back to the time of the Indus valley civilization where grapevines are believed to have been introduced to Persia sometime in the 5000 BC. The first known mentioning of grape-based wines in the late 4th century BC is the writings of Chanakya who was the chief minister of Emperor Chandragupta Maurya. In his writings, Chanakya condems the use of alcohol while chronicling the emperor and his courts frequent indulgence of a style of grape wine known as Madhu. Wine became a part of recorded history in Egypt, which plays an important role in ancient ceremonial life. Traces of wine were also found in China, dating back from the second and first millennium. A 2003 report by archeologists indicates a possibility that grapes were mixes with rice to produce mixed fermented beverages in China in the early years of the seventh millennium BC. Pottery jars from the Neolothic sites in Jianhu, Henan contained traces of tartaric acid and other organic compounds commonly found in wine. However, other fruits indigenous to the regions, such as hawthorn, can not be ruled out. If these beverages, which seem to be precursors of rice wine, included grapes rather than other fruits, these grapes were of any of the several dozen indigenous wild species of grapes in China, rather from vitis vinifera, which were introduced into China some 6000 years later. C. Processes in Winemaking. Winemaking or vinification, is the production of wine, starting with selection of the grapes or other produce and ending with bottling the finished wine. Although most wine is made from grapes, it may also be made from other fruit or non-toxic plant material. Enology is the science of wine and winemaking and the oldest known winemaking operation was discovered in a cave in Armenia, estimated to be 6,100 years old. There are two general categories in winemaking: still wine production (without carbonation) and sparkling wine production (with carbonation). Wine grapes grow almost exclusively between thirty and fifty degrees north or south of the equator. The world’s southernmost vineyards are in the Central Otago region of New Zealand’s South Island near the 45th parallel south, and the northernmost are in Flen, Sweden, hust north of the 50th parallel north. 1. Choosing and harvesting the grapes Grapes grow on vines. There are many different types of grapes, but the best wine grape is the European vitis vinifera. It is considered optimal because it has the right balance of sugar and acid to create a good fermented wine without the addition of sugar or water. Vitis vinifera includes all varieties of European origin. Weather is a major factor in determining whether a year is going to be a â€Å"good vintage† (or â€Å"year†). In northern hemisphere, grapes are harvested from early September to early November while mid February to early March in the southern hemisphere. In some cool areas in the southern hemisphere, like Tasmania, harvesting extends to May. Grapes are harvested during the cool morning. The wine grape grower plays a game of chance to winemakers yearly. They must decide when exactly they must harvest to be able to produce fine wines. Simplistically, if they knew it wasn’t going to rain, they would test the Brix (level of sugar) until it was just right, then harvest. If they harvest too soon, they may probably end up getting a wine too low in alcohol content which there won’t have enough sugar to convert to alcohol. These wines will be â€Å"thin. † And if they delay the harvesting, there may be too sugar which leads to too low acid content. This also affects the taste and the aging possibilities of the wine. Harvesting grapes are done through mechanical or manual. The winemakers typically made the decision to harvest grapes and informed by the Brix, acid (Titratable Acidity as expressed by tartaric acid equivalents) and pH of the grapes. Other considerations include phonological ripeness, berry flavor, tannin development (seed color and taste). Overall disposition of the grapevine and weather forecast are taken into account. 2. Initial processes After the grapes have been picked and transported to the winery, certain preparatory steps must be taken before the actual winemaking can begun. Cleanliness and sanitation are essential for good winemaking, as troublesome bacteria can cause disastrous result. Upon arriving at the winery, grapes are treated with 50-70 ppm of free sulfur dioxide. This process is called sulfating, and inhibits the unwanted and wild yeast species on the grapes. Grapes are crushed to get the juice through Pigeage (stomping on it with feet in a big vat). But the easier and more practical way is to use machine which does the crushing and at the same time, removes the stems. Some grapes may bypass the stemmer/crusher and go directly to the process for whole berry pressing. However, the decision about destemming is different for red and white winemaking. Generally, when making white wine, the fruit is only crushed, the stems are then placed in the press with the berries. The presence of stems in the mix facilities pressing allow the juice to flow past flattened skins. These accumulate at the edge of the press. For red winemaking, stems of the grapes are usually removed before fermentation since the stem has relatively high tannin content; in addition to tannin they can also give the wine a vegetal aroma (due to extraction of 2-methoxyl-3-isopropylpyrazine which has an aroma reminiscent of green bell peppers). On occasion, the winemakers may decide to leave them in if the grapes themselves contain less tannin than desired. This is more acceptable if the stem have ripened and started to turn brown. If increase skin extract is desired, a winemaker might choose to crush the grapes after destemming. Removal of stems first means no stem tannin can be extracted in these cases the grapes pass between two rollers which squeeze the grapes enough to separate the skin and pulp, but not so much as to cause excessive shearing or tearing of the skin tissues. In some cases, notably with â€Å"dalicated† red varietals, all or plant of the grapes might be left uncrushed (called â€Å"whole berry†) to encourage the retention of fruity aromas through partial carbonic maceration. 3. Fermentation Through the process of fermentation, the grape juice is turned into alcohol. Grapes on the vine are covered with yeast, molds and bacteria. By putting grape juice into a container at the right temperature, yeast will turn the sugar in the juice into alcohol and carbon dioxide. The grape juice will have fermented. Fermentation is carried out in stainless steel vessels. Yeast also gives flavor to the wine. But the yeast that is on the grape skin when it is harvested may not have the desire flavor. Other things on the outside of a grape are not good for the wine like the acetic bacteria on the grapes which can cause the wine to turn into vinegar. The winemaker can eliminate unwanted yeast’s molds and bacteria, most commonly by using the â€Å"universal disinfectant,† sulfur dioxide. Unfortunately, the sulfites which remain in the wine may cause a lot of discomfort to some wine drinkers. Some winemakers prefer not to do this, and purposely create wines that are subject to the vagaries and different flavors of the yeast that pre-exist on the grapes. The winemakers have many different yeast strains to choose from (and can use strains at the different times during the process for better control fermentation). Saccharomyces is the most common wine yeast. This is a good point to stop and mention â€Å"Brett,† also known as the Brettanomyces strain of yeast (which can be added or come from wild yeast fermentation). As yeast works, it causes grape juice or â€Å"must† to get hot. But if theres too much heat, the yeast wont work. Cooling coils are necessary to maintain a temperature below 30 degrees Celsius. Placing in small oak barrels is still widely used in fermenting wine, even if it is less modern. â€Å"Barrel fermentation is usually done at a lower temperature in temperature controlled rooms and takes longer, perhaps around 6 weeks. The longer fermentation and use of wood contributes to the flavor (and usually expense) of the wine. The skins and pulp which remain in a red wine vat will rise to and float on top of the juice. This causes problems, so the winemaker will push this cap back down into the juice, usually at least twice a day. If it dries out, it’s a perfect breeding ground for injurious bacteria. In large vats, pushing the skin and pulp back down into the juice is accomplished by pumping juice from the bottom of the vat over the top of the cap. Eventually the yeast is no longer changing sugar to alcohol though different strains of yeast, which can survive in higher and higher levels of alcohol, can take over and contribute their own flavor to the wine as well as converting a bit more sugar to alcohol. After all this is completed what you have left are the wine, dead yeast cells, known as lees and various other substances. The winemakers may choose to allow a white wine to undergo a second fermentation which occurs due to malic in the grape juice. When malic acid which is due to bacteria in the wine, it is known as â€Å"malo-lactic fermentation,† which imparts additional flavor to the wine. A buttery flavor in some whites is due to this process. This process is used for sparkling wines. 4. First racking When the fermentation is completed naturally or stopped by the addition of distilled spirit, first racking is carried out. This involves the wine to stand still until most yeast cells and fine suspended material settle out. Then without disturbing the sediments or the yeast, the wine is filtered. 5. Aging The winery may then keep the wine so that there can be additional clarification and, in some wines, to give it a more complex flavors. Flavor can come from the chemicals that make up the wood and are taken up into the wine. The wine is aged in stainless steel tanks. In some instances, the wine is put into oak barrels where it will continue its development until bottling. It may be barrel aged for several months to several years where no air is allowed to enter the barrels during those periods. Ignoring any additional processing that might be used, winemakers could empty the barrels into bottles and sell the wine. However, during the winery aging, the smaller containers may develop differences and the winemaker will probably blend wine from different barrels to achieve a uniform result. The winemaker may also blend together different grape varieties to achieve desired characteristics. 6. Filtration Filtration in winemaking is used to accomplish two objectives: clarification and microbial stabilization. In clarification, large particles that affect the visual appearance of the wine are removed. In microbial stabilization, organisms that affect the stability of the wine are removed therefore reducing the likelihood of re-fermentation or spoilage. Stabilization with respect to tartarates may involve chilling of wine than can be crystallized tartarates and these crystals can be removed by filtration. 7. Pasteurization It may be heat pasteurized or cold pasteurized if the wine has an alcoholic content of less than 14% through microporous filters just before bottling. 8. Bottling Different shaped bottles are often use by the winemakers to denote different types of wine. Colored bottles help to reduce damage by light because light assists in oxidation and breakdown of the wine into chemicals, such as mercaptan, which are undesirable. Bottle sizes can also vary. A final dose of sulfite is added to help preserve the wine and prevent unwanted fermentation in the bottle. The wine bottles then are traditionally sealed with a cork, although alternative wine closures such as synthetic corks and screwcaps, which are less subject to cork taint, are becoming increasingly popular. The final step is adding a capsule to the top of the bottle which is then heated for a tight seal. 9. Storing Wine cellars, or wine rooms if they are above-ground, are places designed specifically for the storage and aging of wines. In an active wine cellar, temperature and humidity are maintained by a climate control system. Passive wine cellars are not climate-controlled and so much be carefully located. Wines can maintain their quality and in some cases improve aroma, flavor, and complexity as they age when properly stored. Some wine experts contend that the optimal temperature for aging wine is 55  °F (13  °C), others 59  °F (15  °C). Wine refrigerators offer an alternative to wine cellars. They are available in capacities ranging from small 16-bottle units to furniture pieces that can contain 400 bottles. Wine refrigerators are not ideal for aging, but rather serve to chill wine to the perfect temperature for drinking. These refrigerators keep the humidity low, usually under 50%, which is below the optimal humidity of 50% to 70%. Lower humidity levels can dry corks out over time, allowing oxygen to enter the bottle and reduce the wines quality. D. Classifications of Wines 1. Table wines Table wines, also called still or natural wines, are consumed mostly with food, they tend to compliment the meal. It is the largest category. The alcoholic strength may be between 9% and 15%, by volume. The wines may be: †¢Red: being fermented in contact with grape skins from which the wine gets it color. Normally dry wines. †¢White: usually produced from white grapes, but the grape juice is usually fermented away from the skins. Normally dry to very sweet. †¢Rose: made in three ways – from black grapes fermented on the skins for up to 48 hours; by mixing red and white wines together; or by pressing grapes so that some color is extracted. It may be dry or semi-sweet. These are called blush wines in the USA when made wholly from grapes. 2. Sparkling wines These are wines that have undergone a second fermentation and thus become effervescent. Semi-sparkling wines are known by the term â€Å"petillant. † Sparkling wines have varying degrees of dryness and flavor and contain 10 to 14 percent alcohol. It includes: champagne, sparkling Burgundy, and sparkling Moselle and are available from France, Spain, Italy, and many other country. 3. Fortified wines Fortified wines, such as Sherry, Vermouth, Port, and Madeira, are most commonly drunk before or after meals. It has been strengthened by the addition of alcohol, usually a grape spirit. Fortified wines are also frequently used in cooking. Fortified wines are known within the European Union as a liqueur wines or vins de liqueur. Their alcoholic strength may be between 15% and 22%, by volume. Flavored and fortified wines are called Aromatized wines. 4. Organic wines These wines are known as â€Å"green† or â€Å"environmentally friendly† wines, are made from grapes grown without the aid of artificial insecticides, pesticides or fertilizers. The wine itself will not be adulterated in any way, save for minimal amounts of the traditional preservatives, sulphur dioxide, which is controlled at source. 5. Alcohol-free, de-alcoholized and low alcohol wines These wines are made in the normal way and the alcohol is removed by hot treatment – distillation – which unfortunately removes most of the flavor as well, or, more satisfactory, by a cold filtration process, also known as reverse osmosis. This removes the alcohol by mechanically separating or filtering out the molecules of alcohol through membranes made of cellulose or acetate. To do this, at a later stage, water and a little must are added, thus attempting to preserve much of the flavor of the original wine. The alcohol-free has the maximum content of 0. 05%, de-alcoholized has the maximum of 0. 05%, and the low alcohol has the maximum of 1. 25% alcohol. 6. Vins doux naturales These are sweet wines that have had their fermentation muted by the addition of alcohol in order to retain their natural sweetness. Muting takes place when the alcohol level reaches between 5% and 8%, by volume. They have a final alcohol strength of about 17%, by volume. E. Tasting of Wines Wine tasting is the sensory examination and evaluation of wine. Wines are made up chemical compounds similar or identical to those in fruits, vegetables, and spices. The sweetness of wine is determined by the amount of residual sugar present in the wine. Dry wine, for example, has only a small amount of residual sugar. The sommelier, as well as having an extensive knowledge of the wine list, should have a good knowledge of the characteristics of the different wines offered. To ensure this, the sommelier must know the correct approach to tasting wine. Experienced tasters can distinguish between flavors characteristic of a specific grape and flavors that can result from other factors in winemaking. Individual flavors may also be detected, due to the complex mix of organic molecules such as estors and terpenes that a grape juice and wine can contain. Typical international flavor elements in wine are those imparted by aging in oak casks; chocolate, vanilla, or coffee almost always come from the oak and hot the grape itself. Tasting may be said to be an analysis of wine by senses. It is the appreciation by the senses of the qualities of a wine: †¢Sight: indicating the clarity and color of the wine. †¢Smell: determines the banquet of a wine by means of a vigorous swirling in the glass. †¢Taste: allows detection of the aroma in the mouth. Banana flavors (isoamyl acetate) are the product of yeast metabolism, as the spoilage aromas such as sweaty, barnyard, band and rotten egg. Some varietals can also have a mineral flavor due to the presence of water0soluble salts (like limestones). Wine aromas come from volatile compound in the wine that is released into the air. Vaporization of these compounds can be sped up by twirling the wine glass of serving the wine at room temperature. For red wines that are already highly aromatic, like Chinon and Beaujolais, many people prefer them chilled. The taste-character of wine is detected in different parts of the mouth but especially by the tongue: sweetness at the tip, acidity on the upper edges, saltiness at the sides, and bitterness at the back. Dryness and sweetness are immediately obvious, as is acidity, which generally provides liveliness and crispness. Astringency or tannin content, associated with some red wines, will give a dry coating effect especially on the teeth and gums. The combination of smell and taste gives what is often termed â€Å"flavor. † This might be for example, the amount of tannin content in the wine, its degrees. of dryness or sweetness, whether it is a light or heavy bodied wine, etc. To appreciate the tasting of wine to the full, the taster must work in the correct environment. That is: †¢No noise to distract the taster †¢Good ventilation to eliminate odor †¢Sufficient light, not artificial, but daylight if possible †¢Temperature of the room at about 20 °C (68 °F) The glass, that must be the correct shape, is the tool of the taster. A wine glass with a stem and of sufficient capacity should be fairly wide but narrowing at the top. This allows the â€Å"elements† making up the bouquet to become concentrated and thus better assessed. The wine glass should never be filled to more than one-third capacity to allow the taster to swirl the wine around the glass more easily. It goes without saying that the tasting glass should be spotlessly clean. F. Uses of Wines 1. In dishes Wines are popular and important beverage that accompanies and enhances a wide range of European and Mediterranean-style cuisines, for the simple and traditional to the most sophisticated and complex. Wine is important in cuisines not just for its value as a beverage, but as a flavor agent, primarily in stocks and braising, since its acidity lends balance to rich savory or sweet dishes. Red, white, and sparkling wines are the most popular, and are known as light wines because they are only 14-20% alcohol content, by volume. Aperitif and dessert wines contain 14-20% alcohol, and sometimes fortified to make them richer and sweeter. And fortified wines are frequently used in cooking. 2. In traditions and religions Wines are also used in religious ceremonies in many cultures and wine trade is of historical importance for many regions. Libations often included wine, and the religious mysteries of Dionysus are usually thought to have uses wine as an entheogen. Wines play an integral part of Jewish laws and traditions. The Kiddush, a blessing said before starting the first and second Shabbat or festival meals and Havdallah, a blessing said after the Shabbat or festival are required to say over wine if available. On Pesach (Passover) during the Seder, it is also required to drink four cups of wine. In the Tabernacle and in the Temple of Jerusalem, the libation of wine was part of the sacrificial service. It is not mean that wine is a symbol of blood, a common misconception which contributes to the myth of the blood libel. A blessing over wine said before indulging in the drink is: â€Å"Baruch atah Hashem elokeinu melech haolam, boray p’rec hagafen† (Praised be the Eternal, Ruler of the Universe, who makes the fruit of the vine). In Christianity, wine or grape juice is used in a sacred rite called Eucharist, Lord’s Supper, or Communion, which originates in Gospel accounts of the Last Supper when Jesus shared bread and wine with his disciples and commanded his followers to â€Å"do this in remembrance of me. † Beliefs about the nature of the Eucharist vary among denominations, which Roman Catholic believing that the bread and the wine are changed into real body and blood of Christ. Wines were used in the rite by all Protestants groups until an alternative arose in 1869. Methodist minister-turned-dentist Thomas Bramwell Welch applied new pasteurization techniques to stop the natural fermentation process of the grape juice. The substitution of grape juice for wine spread quickly over much of the United States in Protestant rites, although the beverage is usually called wine in accordance with scriptural references. Some Christians who were part of the growing temperance movement pressed for a switch from wine to grape juice. There remains an ongoing debate between some American Protestant denominations as to whether wine can or should be used in moderation for the Eucharist or as a regular beverage. The use of wine is forbidden under Islam. Iran used to have a thriving wine industry that disappeared after the Islamic revolution. G. Health Effects of Wines The health effects of wine (and alcohol in general) are the subject of considerable ongoing study. In the USA, a boom in red wine consumption was initiated in the 1990s by 60 Minutes, and other news reports on the French paradox. The French paradox refers to the lower incidence of coronary heart disease in France than in the USA despite high levels of saturated fat in the traditional French diet. Epidemiologists suspect that this difference is attributed to the high consumption of wines by the French; however this suspicion is based on limited scientific evidence. Population studies have observed a J curve association between wine consumption and the risk of heart disease. This means that abstainers and heavy drinkers have an elevated risk, whilst moderate drinkers have a lower risk. Population studies have also found that moderate consumption of other alcoholic beverages may be cardioprotective, though the association is considerably stronger for wine. These studies have found a protective effect from both red wine as well as white wine, though evidence from laboratory studies suggests that red wine may possess superior health benefits including prevention of cancer due to the fact red wine contains more polyphenols than white wine due to the production process. A chemical called resveratrol is thought to be at least partly responsible for red wines health benefits, as it has been shown to exert a range of both cardioprotective as well as chemoprotective mechanisms in animal studies Resveratrol is produced naturally by grape skins in response to fungal infection, which includes exposure to yeast during fermentation. As white wine has minimal contact with grape skins during this process, it generally contains lower levels of resveratrol. Other beneficial compounds in wine include other polyphenols, antioxidants, and flavonoids. Red wines from South of France and Sardinia Italy have been found to have the highest levels of procyanidins — the compounds in grape seeds responsible for making red wine good for the heart. Wines from France and Sardinia have between two and four times as much procyanidins as other red wines. Procyanidins suppress the synthesis of a peptide called endothelin-1 that constricts blood vessels. A 2007 study found that both red and white wines are effective anti-bacterial agents against strains of Streptococcus. Interestingly, wine has traditionally been used to treat wounds in some parts of the world. While evidence from both laboratory studies as well as epidemiological (observational) studies suggest wines cardioprotective effect, no evidence from controlled experiments — of which long-term studies are still ongoing — currently exists to determine the specific effect of wine or other alcohol on the risk of developing heart disease or stroke. Moreover, excessive consumption of alcohol including wine can cause some diseases including cirrhosis of the liver and alcoholism. Sulphites in wine are not a problem for most people, although some people, particularly people with asthma, can experience adverse reactions to them. Although G. M. Pasinetti, S. S. Percival, et al discovered that cabernet sauvignon red wine reduces the risk of Alzheimers Disease, the researchers at Germanys Gottingen University found that wine damages hippocampus more than other alcohols among diagnosed alcoholics. III. Conclusion Wine is defined to be an alcoholic beverage that is made from the fermentation of grape juice or â€Å"must† and other fruits like berries and apples. The word comes from the Proto-Germanic â€Å"winam. † The term â€Å"wine† is a reference to the higher alcohol content and the commercial use of it and its equivalent in other language is protected by the law in many jurisdictions. Wines have a rich history, dating back around 8000 BC and are thought to have originated in the areas now within the borders of Armenia, Georgia, and Iran. Wine first appeared in Europe at about 4500 BC in Balkans, and was common in Ancient Greece, Thrace, and Rome. Wine had been also in the recorded history of India, Egypt, and China and had been one of the lasting legacies of the ancient Roman Empire. In winemaking or vinification, wines are produced starting with choosing and harvesting of the grapes where the grapes are selected and harvested through machines or hands, to the initial processes of the grapes and fermentation of wines were the grape juice are turned into alcohol, to the first racking where the wines are allowed to stand still, then the wines will aged in stainless tanks or oak barrels and filtration to accomplish clarification and microbial stabilization. Pasteurization will be followed where wines can be heat or cold pasteurized, then bottling and lastly, wines are stored in wine cellars or wine rooms. Wines are classified as the following: Table wines, Sparkling wines, Fortified wines, Organic wines, Alcohol-free, de-alcoholized and low alcohol wines, and Vins doux naturales. Wines are classified through the way they are fermented, their alcohol content, and their uses. Wine tasting is the examination and evaluation of wines through the senses of sight, smell, and taste. Wine tasting should be done in a room that is silent, well-ventilated, well-lighted, and that has a temperature of about 20 °C or 68 °F. Wines are used in dishes especially in European and Mediterranean-style cuisines, and it is not only used as a beverage but also a flavor agent and a cooking tool. Also, wines are used in religions and traditions; it is used in Christian Eucharist ceremonies, the Jewish Kiddush, Islam, and Protestants. In health, wines causes coronary heart disease which abstainers and heavy drinkers have an elevated risk while moderate have a lower risk. It is also found that other alcoholic beverage may be cardioprotective through the association that is considerably stronger that wine. Red wine suggest through the evidence.